• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.143-144
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• 2010

Nowadays, sounding is done by either manually on a boat or through the use of survey. These existing measures are considered to be very inefficient. they are not only greatly limited by environmental circumstances but also requires much of time, expenses, and manpower. Therefore, there emerges a greater need for a new sounding system which will allow us to measure the depth of water, less affected by financial and environmental restrictions, within a short period of time. This is a base study for developing an automatic sounding system, which will enhance the advantages of manned sounding and unmanned sounding, raise the effectiveness and economic efficiency, and acquire more precise data.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2006.07b
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• pp.1136-1137
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• 2006

통합항해시스템이라 함은 자동화된 선박의 운용에 관한 것으로, 다양한 항해 센서(GPS, Gyro, Speed Log, echo sounder)를 이용하여 선박의 항해에 필요한 각종 정보를 입수하여 최적의 항로를 설정해주고, 운항의 안정성과 효율을 극대화시키는 시스템을 지칭한다. 즉, 선박의 운항에 필요한 다수의 모듈들을 독립적으로 운용하는 것이 아니라 이를 통합된 형태로 운용하여 효율을 극대화시키는 시스템이 통합항해시스템이라 할 수 있다. 통합항해시스템은 다양한 항해 센서들과 항해 시스템으로 구성되며, 다양한 항해 데이터들은 항해 센서로부터 수신하여 처리하는 동작을 수행한다. 즉, 통합항해시스템은 다수의 센서들로부터 수신된 정보를 평가하고 잠재적 위험과 무결성 저하에 대해서는 적절한 경고를 제공하여야한다. 따라서, 항해센서 데이터의 유효성(Validity) 및 모호성(Plausibility) 검사와 무결성 감시(Integrity Monitoring)는 통합항해시스템의 필수적 기능이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 IEC 61924 규격에 의한 항해센서로부터 수신된 항해데이터가 정확하고 유효함을 가지는 지에 대한 가치평가의 척도와 독립적인 데이터 소스로부터 데이터를 비교하여 검증하는 무결성, 정확도 이내의 정보를 완전하고 명확한 방법으로 사용자에게 제공하는 무결성 감시의 방법을 제시하며, 항해센서들에 의해 취득되는 항해 데이터의 무결성 검사를 통한 유효성, 적용가능성, 무결성의 평가방법을 기술한다.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.187-193
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• 2021

In order to solve the problem of false terrains caused by environmental interferences and tunneling effect in the conventional multi-beam seafloor terrain detection, this paper proposed a seafloor topography detection method based on fast two-dimensional (2D) Censored Mean Level Detector-statistics Constant False Alarm Rate (CMLD-CFAR) method. The proposed method uses s cross-sliding window. The target occlusion phenomenon that occurs in multi-target environments can be eliminated by censoring some of the large cells of the reference cells, while the remaining reference cells are used to calculate the local threshold. The conventional 2D CMLD-CFAR methods need to estimate the background clutter power level for every pixel, thus increasing the computational burden significantly. In order to overcome this limitation, the proposed method uses a fast algorithm to select the Regions of Interest (ROI) based on a global threshold, while the rest pixels are distinguished as clutter directly. The proposed method is verified by experiments with real multi-beam data. The results show that the proposed method can effectively solve the problem of false terrain in a multi-beam terrain survey and achieve a high detection accuracy.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.61-81
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• 2022

The available underwater acoustic spectrum is limited. Therefore, it is imperative to avoid frequency interference from overlapping frequencies of underwater acoustic equipment (UAE) for the co-existence of the UAE. Cognitive technology that senses idle spectrum and actively avoids frequency interference is an efficient method to facilitate the collision-free operation of multiple UAE with overlapping frequencies. Cognitive technology is adopted to identify the frequency usage of UAE to apply cognitive technology. To this end, we investigated two principle underwater acoustic sources: UAE and marine animals. The UAE is classified into five types: underwater acoustic modem, acoustic positioning system, multi-beam echo-sounder, side-scan sonar, and sub-bottom profiler. We analyzed the parameters of the frequency band, directivity, range, and depth, which play a critical role in the design of underwater acoustic cognitive technology. Moreover, the frequency band of several marine species was also examined. The mid-frequency band from 10 - 40 kHz was found to be the busiest. Lastly, this study provides useful insights into the design of underwater acoustic cognitive technologies, where it is essential to avoid interference among the UAE in this mid-frequency band.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.133-141
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• 2023

Accurate measurement of seafloor topography plays a crucial role in developing marine industries such as maritime safety, resource exploration, environmental protection, and coastal management. The seafloor topography is constructed using side scan sonar (SSS) and single beam echosounder (SBES) or multibeam echosounder (MBES), which transmit and receive ultrasound waves through a device attached to a marine survey vessel. However, the use of a sonar system is affected by noise pollution areas, and the single beam has a limited scope of application. At the same time, the multibeam is mainly applicable for depth observation. For these reasons, it is difficult to determine the boundaries and areas of seafloor topography. Therefore, this study proposes a method to improve the backscatter data of multibeam echosounder, which has a relationship with the seafloor quality, by using digital image processing to classify the shape of the underwater surface.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1990

A cooperative Korea-Japan investigation for the demersal fisheries resources of the East China Sea was carried out by using the training ship Oshoro Maru belong to Hokkaido University Japan, during 5-12 November, 1989. The research vessel sampled 24 stations with demersal trawls on the East China Sea continental shelf, and 96 nautical miles of track line were surveyed hydroacoustically. The echo sounder used during the survey was of a scientific type having echo integration capabilities and the computer system was programmed to obtain echo integration data for each depth stratum between the transducer and the bottom. The target strength of fish school(TS per 1kg) was estimated from the relationship between mean volume backscattering strength and catches caught by the demersal trawls. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. Approximately 96 species were identified from survey catches. 2. The mean volume backscattering strength for the layer occupied by bottom trawls at 25 and 100 KHz were-63.9 dB and -67.3 dB, respectively. Then the average catch per unit time of each trawl haul was 58.8 kg/hour. 3. The mean volume backscattering strength for the entire layer between the transducer and the bottom at 25 and 100KHz were -61.9 dB and -67.0 dB, respectively. 4. The mean fish school target strength per unit weight(TS/kg) at 25 and 100 KHz were -23.6 dB/kg and -26.6 dB/kg, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.96-104
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• 2000

By using the offshore type submersible platform, Artificial sea floor anchored at a depth of forty meters several experimental studies have been conducted successfully during 1996. The facility consists of an artificial sea floor that floats at 7 meters below the surface, a machinery hut that projects above the surface at the center of the structure and a balance weight beneath the structure. The facility can be surfaced easily by using a water discharging pump in the water tank which is located at the center of it. To find out the behavioral character and the gathering factor of fishes around the artificial sea floor, investigations were carried out during the daytime and nighttime by direct observation and by echo-sounder. Around the testing reefs and artificial sea floor, six kinds of fishes were found by diving observation and the dominants were Scomber japonicus, Sebastes thompsoni and Oplegnathus fascitus. As Scomber japonicus was distributed around the artificial sea floor in dense small school, they were not seen elsewhere in the survey area. The artificial sea floor was concluded to act as a schooling ground far Scomber japonicus, Sebastes thompsoni and Oplegnathus fascitus. were close to the testing reefs(within 10m) in the daytime, and were thought to settle on the testing reefs at nighttime, To examine the distribution of 7shes around the artificial sea floor, an acoustic survey over a 1$\times$1km area, 0-50m in depth during the all day. Around the artificial sea floor many thin scattering fish echo(TS-54.5~ -51.5dB) and dense fish echo(TS-41~-38dB) were mainly distributed. Many scattering fish echoes, which were thought to be a mixture of small squid, pelegic crustacea and ethers, were distributed over the whole survey area. A dense fish school stayed beneath the artificial sea floor for a short duration. These phenomena were concluded to show an attraction and detention function of the artificial sea floor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.337-346
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• 1992

Hydroacoustic surveys were conducted in the East China Sea, in the summers of 1990-1991 to investigate the distribution and migration behavior of fish, such as the diel changes in the distributions of fish, the thermoselection behavior of fish, and the fish reactions to a surveying vessel. The hydroacoustic observations were taken with a scientific echo sounder operating at 50kHz and a microcomputer-based echo processor. Fish samples were collected by bottom trawling and temperature was measured with a DBT system. The patterns of fish distributions were compared with the vertical profiles of water temperature. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The time series of hydroacoustic observations on the downward migration at dawn in the central region of East China Sea showed that the migration rate was 0.24 m/min. In this region, most of the fish collected by bottom trawling during the surveys were squid (Photologio edulis f. budo) and horse mackeral (Trachurus japonicus). 2. The hydroacoustic observations, which together associated with temperature data, indicated that squid and horse mackeral concentrated nocturally in a narrow vertical band of thermocline, particularly in summer when the survey region was strongly stratified. This result suggest that the nocturnal vertical distribution of these species evidently is controlled by temperature. 3. When the survey vessel, that is running at a speed of 11 knots, has suddenly stopped, the fish which concentrated beneath the transducer showed a strong avoidance reaction in the form of rapid downward migration. After a few minutes, the descending reaction disappeared and the fish slowly began the upward migration toward their original swimming positions. Trawl data suggest that the fish, which showed the avoidance reaction, was Liparis tessellatus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 1990

During the summer of 1989, the authors carried out the hydroacoustic surverys to investigate the vertical distribution of volume backscattering strength in the East China Sea and simultaneously the biological sampling of the scattering layers by bottom trawling. The echoes from the scattering layers was continuously measured by using a 50 kHz echo sounder during the day and night. A data acquisition system was used to record digitally the envelope of the echoes and the echo integration technique was used to determine the scattering strength proportional to biomass density in each layer. The vertical profiles of volume backscattering strength also were compared with the one of water temperature. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. The vertical profiles of mean volume backscattering strength at day and night suggested that during the night the biggest fish concentrations appeared in the mixed layer above the thermocline and during the day near the bottom. In another profiles where the thermocline was not well developed, peaks in scattering appeared at midwater depths and near the bottom. 2. The maximum values of mean volume backscattering strengths varied from -49.3 dB to -48.0 dB on different regions and at different times of the day and night. 3. Trawl data indicated that the organisms consisting of the scattering layer near the bottom were squid and various species of demersal fishes.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.168-176
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• 2010

Stability and durability of the artificial reefs (ARs) for wildstock enhancement have been a key issue. We surveyed the side scan sonar (SSS), multi beam echo sounder (MBES) and scuba diving surveys confirmed that the ARs stability was age and type-dependent. A case of the stability of 8,438 ARs (60 group ARs) installed at 4 sites (Yangyang, Gangeung, Donghae and Samcheok) along the Gangwon coast of the East Sea (Sea of Japan). And a confirmation amount to 85.4% ARs remained safe, the rest 14.6% being influenced by a physical parameter of the waters. The representative influences by their circumstances were of breakage (6.3%). capsizing (8.3%). A group of a ARs to 61.7% ARs remained safe, the rest 38.3% being influenced by a physical parameter of the waters. The representative influences by their circumstances were of buried.