• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2006

Long-term variability in the intermediate layer of the eastern Japan Basin has been investigated to understand the variability of water mass formation in the East Sea. The simultaneous decrease of temperature at shallower depths and oxygen increasing at deeper depths in the intermediate layer took place in the late 1960's sand the mid-1980's. Records of winter sea surface temperatures and air temperatures showed that there were cold winters that persisted for several years during those periods. Therefore, it was assumed that a large amount of newly-formed water was supplied to the intermediate layer during those cold winters. Close analysis suggests that the formation of the Upper Portion of Proper Water occurred in the late 1960's and the Central Water in the mid-1980's.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.17-27
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• 1997

Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model is applied to the East Sea to estimate the renewal time of the upper Intermediate Water The model gives about 10 years of renewal time. Extrapolating this result to the whole water mass below, including the upper Intermediate Water, leads to about 81.4 years of renewal time, which is quite comparable to that obtained by Kim and Kim (1997) based on the recent observations. Deep winter mixing occurs in the north of the basin. The areas of the largest water mass conversion, from the upper mixed to the intermediate below, are along the periphery of the deep mixing zone. Large portion of the renewed Intermediate Water then advects along the Korean and Japanese coasts. It is concluded that the high-oxygen content Intermediate Water found off the Korean coast (Kim and Chung, 1984) is in part locally formed but mostly advected from the deep mixing zone.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2006

To investigate inflow path of the East Sea Intermediate Water (ESIW) into the Ulleung Basin, hydrographic data surveyed in July 2005 were analyzed. The ESIW was characterized by the Salinity Minimum Layer (SML) within a depth range of 100 to 360 meters. Averaged potential temperature and salinity of the SML were $1.835^{\circ}C$ and 34.049 psu, respectively. Mean potential density $({\sigma}_{\theta})$ of the SML was 27.221 with a standard deviation of 0.0393. On isopycnal surfaces of 27.14 and 27.18 $({\sigma}_{\theta})$ which correspond to upper layers of the ESIW, the coastal low salinity water was separated from the offshore low salinity water by the relatively warm and saline water which might be affected by the Tsushima Warm Current Water. Relatively cold and fresh water, however, intruded into the Ulleung Basin from the region of Korean coast on isopycnal surfaces of 27.22 and 27.26 which was lower layer of the ESIW. The salinity distribution in the isopycnal layer of $27.14{\sim}27.26$ with acceleration potential on 27.22 up surface also showed clearly that the low salinity water flowed from the coastal area and intruded into the Ulleung Basin. This implies that the ESIW flows ken the north to the south along the east coasts of Korea and spreads into the Ulleung Basin in summer.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2007

To obtain the overall distribution patterns and characteristics of the East Sea Intermediate Water (ESIW), the historical data obtained by the Japan Maizuru Marine Observatory (MMO) and the Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI) were analyzed. To obtain water characteristics of the ESIW on isopycnal surfaces, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were interpolated at every 0.01 interval of potential density. And then the interpolated values were averaged at the same potential density. This potential density average method preserved the salinity minimum layer more clearly compared to the depth average method. The potential density(${\sigma}_{\theta}$) range of the ESIW was $26.9{\sim}27.3$. The representative potential density of the ESIW was found to be 27.2, because the characteristics of the ESIW was clear at this density. From the horizontal distributions of physical properties on the isopycnal surface of $27.2{\sigma}_{\theta}$ it is suggested that the low salinity ESIW circulates anticlockwise over the whole basin with the high salinity intermediate water. The low salinity intermediate water extended from the northwestern part to the east along the sub-polar front and to the Ulleung Basin along the east coast of Korea.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.331-336
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• 2010

The CREAMS (Circulation Research of the East Asian Marginal Sea) survey in 1999 revealed a sharp mid-depth discontinuity of the phosphate:silicate ratio in all basins of the East/Japan Sea. Incidentally, this discontinuity layer corresponds to the oxygen minimum layer. Directly below the discontinuity layer, oxygen concentration is increased. This increase in oxygen concentration is interpreted as a proof of intermediate water formation. Oxygen minimum indicates that the water parcel is old and stable against mixing. So it seems be an efficient barrier to vertical exchange of materials. This means that, once materials enter the lower domain, they rarely return to the upper domain. Therefore, the biogeochemistry of the East/Japan Sea depends heavily on material input through the Korea Strait, and flux is expected to be sensitive to the climate change. As a result, the East/Japan Sea ecosystem seems vulnerable to tipping (regime shift), which occurred on a decadal time scale.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.8-16
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• 1997

The ventilation theory developed by Luyten, Pedlosky and Stommel (1983) is applied to the East Sea to understand the general circulation pattern of the Intermediate Water, especially the ventilated circulation beneath the Tsushima Warm Current. The original model is slightly modified such that it takes the inflow-outflow of the Tsushima Current into consideration. Results of the model indicate that for sufficiently strong Ekman pumping, the Intermediate Water circulates cyclonically by ventilation. The Intermediate Water subducts beneath the Tsushima Warm Water through the western boundary layer. Off the western boundary layer, it turns northward, outcrops to the north by passing the polar front and continues to flow northward until it finally is absorbed by the northern boundary layer. This result seems to be compatible with some recent observations. Over the ventilated area, the transport of the Tsushima Current is negligible and most transport occurs in the shadow area where the Intermediate layer is motionless indicating that, over the deep motionless layer, the two-layered vertical structure under consideration becomes substantially single-layered.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2000

1993년 12원과 1994년 8월 2회에 걸쳐 동중국해 동부해역 관측선 J (30° N)의 용존무기영양염들의 분포에 대해 조사하였다. 고온고염의 특성을 지닌 쿠로시오 표층수의 질산이온 및 규산농도는 각각 2μM 이하와 5μM 이하로 낮다. 반면에 수심이 증가할수록 질산이온 및 규산농도는 급격히 증가하여 쿠로시오 중층수에서는 각각 20～40, 45～100 μM 범위로 높았다. 대륙붕역 저층수와 쿠로시오 중퐁수의 수온과 용존무기영양염 관계는 용존무기영양염이 풍부한 쿠로시오 중층수가 대륙붕수로 관입되고 있음을 암시한다. 수온, 염분 및 규산 농도를 해수추적자로 이용하여 수괴득의 혼합을 분석한 결과, 대륙붕 저층수는 대륙붕단 바로 바깥쪽 수심 약 100～400 m의 쿠로시오 중층수와의 혼합수라는 것이 밝혀졌다. 이와같이 대륙붕단을 따라 대륙사면에서 대륙붕안으로 올라오는 높은 용존무기영양염 농도를 지닌 용승해수는 동중국해 대륙붕역의 식물플랑크톤 일차생산력을 증가시키는 중요한 영양염 공급원으로 사료된다.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.164-172
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• 1996

CREAMS (Circulation Research of the East Asian Marginal Seas) Expeditions have provided a rare opportunity to carry out precise measurements of salinity, temperature and chemical tracers extensively in all major basins of the East Sea (Japan Sea) in 1993-1996 for the first time in more than 60 years since Uda's investigation (Uda, 1934). Studies revealed unequivocal evidence that the East Sea Proper Water (ESPW), previously known as a single homogeneous water mass, is indeed made of several distinct water masses. CREAMS data further confirmed the earlier observations of Gamo et al. (1986) that properties in Deep Waters in the East Sea have been changing during at least the last 25 years. There is evidence, especially from the analysis of the DO profile, that these changes may result from a major change in the mode of deep water formation: from bottom water formation in the past to intermediate/deep water formation in recent years. The causes for these changes are not clear at the present time, but nay include natural variation and may also reflect recent global changes in regional scale. A moving-boundary box model is presented to describe current observations, predicting the turnover time of the total deep and bottom waters to the cold surface waters to be ${\sim}$80 years in 1996.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.581-594
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• 2004

하계 동해의 기원 해수 T-S diagram 방법에다 용존 산소를 추가시키고, 자료를 위도-경도 평면상에서 표시하는 방법으로 기원해수를 판별하였다. 하계에 동해에서 총 8개의 기원해수가 판별되었다. 표층해수로는 1) 고온-저염의 EKCW, 2) 고온-최저염의 NKSW, 3) 고온-고염의 MTSW, 4) 저온-저염의 TSCW의 4종류와 5) 최고염의 TMW, 6) 저온-저염-고농도의 산소를 가지는 LCW인 2종류의 중층수 그리고 심층수로 7) 저온-고염-고농도의 산소를 가지는 ESIW, 8) 최저온-고염-저농도의 산소를 가지는 ESPW 8종류로 구분할 수가 있었다. 특히, 동해 중 북부 해역에서 발견된 최저염의 NKSW(North Korea Surface Water), 기존에 알려진 대마난류 표층수에 비해 고염의 특징을 보여준 MTSW(Modified Tsushima Surface Water), 그리고 타타르 해협에서 시베리아 연안을 따라 남하하는 TSCW(Tatar Surface Cold Water)등이 이번 연구에서 새롭게 정의되었다. 조성비로 본 기원 해수의 흐름 총 8개의 기원해수에 대해 조성비 50% 이상을 기준으로 한 각 기원해수의 흐름을 Fig. 7에 나타내었다. 먼저 표층의 흐름을 보면, EKCW는 대한해협 서수도를 통해 동해 연안을 따라 북상하는 흐름을 보였고, MTSW는 대단해협 동수도를 통해 동해로 진입하여 $40^{\circ}N$ 부근까지 영향을 미쳤다. TSCW는 타타르 해협에서 시베리아 연안을 따라서 블라디보스톡 부근까지 남하를 하였고, NKSW는 동해 중부의 $40^{\circ}NP{\sim}42^{\circ}N$ 부근에 국지적으로 분포하였다(Fig. 7a). 중층에서는, TMW가 $40^{\circ}N$ 부근까지 영향을 미쳤고, 동해 북부 해역에서 기원한 LCW와 ESIW에 세력에 막혀 더 북진을 못하고 동진하는 것으로 판단되었다. LCW는 동해 북부해역에서 반시계 방향의 순환하는 흐름과 연안을 따라서 남하하는 흐름 두 종류의 흐름이 있는 것으로 판단되었다(Fig. 7b). 심층에서는, ESIW가 동해 북부 연안을 따라 $36^{\circ}N$ 부근까지 남하하는 흐름을 보였고, ESPW는 수심 500m 부근에서 시베리아 연안을 따라 남부 연안까지 남하하는 한 줄기가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 점차 수심이 깊어지면서 동해 남 북부 전체를 ESPW로 채우고 있어 어떤 흐름의 특징보다는 동해 전체의 상당한 부피를 차지함을 알 수 있었다(Fig. 7d). 동해 북부해역에서 생성되는 냉수들이 연안을 따라서 동해 남부해역으로 이동하는 흐름을 보여주었다. 따라서 동해 내부 순환의 큰 줄기는 연안을 따라 흐르는 냉수들의 흐름이며, 매년 동해남부 해역에 발생하는 용승 현상도 이러한 흐름의 연장선에 있음을 짐작할 수 있다(Lee and Kim 2003).

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.120-135
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• 1996

The characteristics and fluctuations of structures and spatial distributions of thermal fronts and warm eddy in the Southeastern part of the East sea are discussed based on the data collected by the Naval Academy, Korea during Feb. 6-9, May 9-19 and Oct. 12-18, 1995. The thermal fronts existed very often at the sea off the Pohang-Ulsan, The generation of the thermal front is related with the development of the North Korea Cold Current. The warm eddy is located in the central part of the Ulleung basin where the local depth exceeds 1500m. This warm eddy is a major contributor to mass transport in the northern part of the East Sea. It is evident that knowledge of warm eddy is important in understanding the circulation in the western part of the East Sea.