• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.385-392
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• 2020

Purpose: The number of Korean adolescents engaging in gambling is increasing, especially among out-of-school adolescents. This study aimed to identify patterns of gambling activities and factors related to specific subgroups of out-of-school adolescent gambling activities. Methods: This descriptive study analyzed secondary data from the 2015 Korea Youth Gambling Problem Survey, including 1,200 out-of-school adolescents. Latent class analysis was conducted to identify patterns of gambling activities. The factors related to gambling subgroups were verified with multinomial logistic regression. Results: Three latent classes of gambling activities were identified: rarely gambling (RG), immediate gain gambling (IGG), and broad gambling (BG). These subgroups differed significantly in terms of gender, age at and type of first gambling experience, number and type of gambling activities, gambling frequency, time and money spent on gambling, problem gambling severity, and motivation for gambling. Compared to the RG subgroup, both the IGG and BG subgroups were strongly associated with an older age at the first gambling experience. Conclusion: Out-of-school adolescents who first gambled at an older age and who gambled mainly in order to gain money immediately were at risk of problem gambling. Developing strategies for early screening and referral to professionals is necessary to prevent gambling problems from worsening.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to understand a architectural characteristics of local church in Virginia, U. S. This study focuses on not only analyzing the worship and service program inherent in the site planning of local church but also introducing worship service space and chancel elements of it in the village of garden area. We surveyed five protestant churches where are located in suburban and rural area outside of Midlothian city in the early August, 2010. I surveyed church building site and worship service space of churches focused on platform design, interviewed the historical background and program of churches with ministers, and corrected annual calender and newsletter. The results of this study are as follows. First, the characteristics of site plan have a comfortable parking lots and site of churchyard(cemetery) with playground that can take an activities out of chapel. The axis of church building follows to front street. Second, worship services keep two types of traditional and comtemporary worship in order to consider of both adult and youth members. The worship hall has a balance of bilateral symmetry. Third, the form of platform is built that is able to perform a music drama and movement of sermon without only one church, GraceLand Church that church building has over fifty years, and they stick to simple traditional type of Chancel that is established by pulpit, table(altar), baptistery(only baptist church), music instruments, and so on.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.90-99
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• 2014

Purpose: This study examined the levels of and the associations between middle school students' attachments to parents, peers, and teachers, truancy, and school bullying. Methods: Data on middle school student were obtained from the Korea National Children and Youth Survey 2010 (N=2,968). The independent t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test were conducted to examine the differences in truancy and school bullying according to the characteristics of students. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors influencing school bullying. Results: The magnitude of the correlation between truancy and bullying was r=.34 (p<.001). Two types of attachment(to parents and to teachers) were associated with school bullying, with the magnitude of r=-.06 (p=.003) and r=-.09 (p<.001), respectively. Truancy and all three types of attachment (to parents, peers, and teachers) predicted school bullying significantly (F=27.84, p<.001). Conclusion: In this study, truancy had more influence on bullying behavior than attachments to parents, teachers and peers among middle school students. These results suggest there is need to develop and provide programs to prevent or early intervene in truancy, an important predictor of school bullying, to reduce school bullying among middle school students.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2015

This study investigated how variables of internalizing and externalizing problematic behaviors change according to gender and as time passes by and how the variables influence adolescent problematic behaviors. The variables selected for the analysis are personal variables, parent variables, peer and school variables, and community variables. longitudinal data collected for 4 years from the Korea Youth Panel Survey(KYPS) were utilized for the analysis. Data were collected initially from 2,707 fifth grade elementary students in 2005 and they were traced until 2008. The final respondents were 2,448 students. The findings are as follows. Frist, the statistical significance was found in changes of problematic behavioral variables in terms of the gender difference. Second, variables, such as self-esteem and self-control are negatively correlated to the problematic behaviors and stress level is strongly positively correlated to the behaviors. Third, the study pressure and peer attachment level are correlated to the initial value of internalizing problematic behaviors. In conclusion, given that more statistical significances were found at initial values than the change rates among variables, early intervention is important in addressing adolescent problematic behaviors.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.475-485
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• 2016

This study explored mothers' and grandmothers' perception regarding child rearing practices as overprotective behaviors for first to third grade levels of elementary school. The study was conducted on 202 mothers and grandmothers of first to third grade elementary school students. Questionnaires were made with 40 questions on overprotection behaviors selected from the existing questions for preschooler, high grade elementary students, and youth. The questionnaires were distributed to target subjects to answer how they would perceive when each of question is applied to their lower grade elementary students. Based on the collected responses and the factor analysis, it was found out that the overprotective behaviors were classified into four factors such as "reduction in independence," "over-sensitiveness to safety," "interference in daily life," and "health anxiety." There were significant differences in the perception of the overprotective behavior by the subjects depending on the generations, features of children and mothers. This study focused on the lower grade elementary school students who have been removed from studies due to the lack of intervention measures. It has the implication in that the findings of the study can give the basic data for the development of the scale on overprotective behaviors in lower grade elementary school students.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.551-564
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• 2016

This study examined the causal relationship between a mothers' depression and the emotional problems of their preschool-aged children as indicated by anxiety, depression and emotional reactivity. We analyzed data from 1,528 mothers and their children from the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC) collected when the children were 4 years old and 5 years old. Autoregressive cross-lagged modeling was conducted using AMOS ver. 23.0 to investigate the longitudinal reciprocal effects between mothers' depression and children's emotional problems. The results indicated that both mothers' depression and children's emotional problems were relatively stable between the ages of 4 to 5. There were significant cross-lagged effects from the mothers' depression to children's emotional problems and from children's emotional problems to mothers' depression. Mothers reported higher levels of depression when the children were 4 years old and the children showed more anxiety, depression and emotional reactivity when they were 5 years old. Emotional problems when the children were 4 predicted greater depression among mothers 1 year later. We also examined the group difference (between boys and girls) in the study model. Gender differences were not statistically supported. The results suggested that early assessment and intervention for mothers' depression and children's emotional problems are essential for a healthy mother-child relationship and later child outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.145-155
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate trajectories of child peer interaction and to compare the causal effects of their predictors, including child individual variables (i.e., gender, language ability, and cognitive ability) and teacher variables (i.e., teacher efficacy and teacher-child interaction). Methods: The participants of this study were 263 children and their teachers from the forth to sixth waves of longitudinal data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey by the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. The data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation and latent growth modeling. Results and Conclusion: The findings of this study are as follows: First, there was a linear decrease in child negative peer interaction over the course of 3 years, and significant individual differences were found in the trajectories (intercept and slope). Second, the predictors had significant casual effects on the trajectories of child negative peer interaction. The trajectories of child negative peer interaction involving girls, higher cognitive ability, and greater teacher-child interaction showed lower degree of intercept and a quicker decrease. Finally, the implications of findings are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.300-309
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was to develop a Health Dieting Competency (HDC) scale to assess self-rated health dieting competence of college students. Methods: The scale was developed as follows: items generated, and tests of validity and reliability. Items were developed through a literature review, review of instruments, and interviews. A panel of four experts reviewed the scale for content validity. Factor analysis, Pearson correlation, descriptive statistics and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ were used to analyze the data (N=183). Results: In the preliminary stage, thirty-three items were generated. Final items were fourteen that were selected through exploratory factor analysis. The HDC scale was consisted with five factors and fourteen items that were Goal-Directed (5-items), Health Support (2-items), Health Self-Efficacy (3-items), Health Perception (2-items), and Escaping from Health (2-items). The internal consistency of HDC as measured by Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ was .78. Conclusion: Content validity, construct validity, and reliability of the HDC were established. The HDC scale is a reliable and valid instrument for early adulthood youth who are willing to assess health dieting competency.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.10
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• pp.414-420
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• 2016

Purpose: We investigated behavioral problems, attention problems, and cognitive function in children and adolescents born small for gestational age (SGA). Methods: Forty-six SGA children born at term and 46 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) children born at term were compared. Psychiatric symptoms were examined with reference to the Korean-Child Behavior Checklist, Korean-Youth Self Report, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). Cognitive function was estimated using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Sociodemographic data were recorded from interviews. Results: SGA children had high scores on delinquent behavior, aggressive behavior, and the externalizing scale, and they also showed a propensity for anxiety and depression. The SGA group had a higher mean ADHD-RS score than the AGA group ($10.52{\pm}8.10$ vs.$9.93{\pm}7.23$), but the difference was not significant. The SGA group had a significantly lower verbal intelligence quotient (IQ) than the AGA group, but the mean scores of both groups were within normal limits. Conclusion: This study indicates marked behavioral problems, such as delinquency, aggressiveness, and anxiety and depression, as well as low verbal IQ in the SGA group than in the AGA group. Even in cases in which these symptoms are not severe, early detection and proper treatment can help these children adapt to society.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.5 s.207
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• pp.81-91
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• 2005

The goal of this study was to investigate the daily manifestation of positive and negative affect states of early adolescent depression across daily interpersonal contexts. Forty-five boys and 44 girls in the second `year of middle schools participated and were classified into 3 groups according to CDI scores. Among 89 students 59 students in the highest or the lowest CDI groups continued to participate in the next step of this study. Using the Experience Sampling Method(ESM), the 59 students reported their affect states 6 times per day across four daily interpersonal contexts: the contexts alone, with all classmates, with a few friends, and with family members. The major findings were as follows. frst, the high CDI group felt more worried, angrier, more hurried, less happy, less interested, less control, and less relaxed than the low CDI adolescent group. Second, the negative affect states of the high CDI adolescent group did not vary across the interpersonal contexts, whereas their positive affect states were the highest in the context with a few friends. Implications of the findings were discussed in illuminating the phenomenology of adolescent depression.