• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.397-401
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• 2004

We have examined congenital malformation in developing chick embryo caused by endocrine disruptor, bisphenol A (BPA). We injected BPA into the air sac of developing egg on day 4 of incubation. BPA-treated group with a concentration of 10 ㎍/egg showed a little decrease on their body length compared to the untreated group. But the group treated with 50㎍/egg revealed severe malformation in eyeballs and bills. The group treated with 100㎍/egg could not continue their development after few days of incubation. These results indicate that BPA clearly inhibits the normal development in chick and it should be toxic to the developing fetus at early stage and in various tissues. The study should contribute to the understanding of toxic effect of BPA in developing human fetus when exposed to the BPA.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 1997

The present study was designed to define the role of prostaglandin in the development and hatching of mouse embryo. The effects of indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, on the development and hatching of morula and blastocyst were examined. In early morula stage, embryos were degenerated significantly at 100 ${\mu}M$ and 200 ${\mu}M$ indomethacin. However, the viability of embryos was not influenced by concentration in any other embryonic stages. In all embryonic stages, the hatching was suppressed with concentration dependent manner, but expansion was not suppressed. Particularly, in 84h embryos post hCG injection, the hatching was suppressed significantly compared with post hCG 72h or 96h embryos. When embryos were treated with 100 ${\mu}M$ indomethacin for a specific time (12h) in according to the development stage, the hatching was suppressed all groups. These suppressional effect was decreased as embryonic development stage was progressed. However, the expansion was not affected in all treatment group. This study suggests that hatching-related metabolic substances are synthesized from morula stage and intraembryonic signaling mediated prostaglandin was important for development and hatching of mouse embryo.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 1989

Total thirty of flushing were attempted on day 4 to 15 of estrus cycle with S heifers and 9 cows by nonsurgical method. The flushed or recovered rate among flushings was 86.7% (26/30) or 88.5% (23/26), respectively. There was no difference in the recovered rate between heifers (85.7%,6/7) and cows (89.5%, 17119). The embryo was recovered on day 4 to 15 of estrus cycle from the donors in natural heat without any technical difficulties.The I2FG Foley catheter used for pubertal heifers had sometimes plug in it with uterine mucus during flushing of uterine horn. But the problem could be overcomed by pumping the catherter with fluthing solution or by changing the catheter. Three normal embryos were recovered from 3 pubertal (10-11 month old) heifers. The rate of normal and abnormal eggs was 60.9% (14123) and 39.1% (9/23), respectively. The abnormal eggs were on degenerating except one unfertilized egg and were mostly recovered from heifers or cows flushed consecutively during the estrus cycle. The developmental states of normal embryos were l6-cells on day 5, 32-cells on day 6, compacted-morula on day 7, early-to expanded-blastocyst on day 8-to 9, and hatching-to hatched-blastocyst on day 10 to 11 of estrus cycle. The stage of embryos on day 8 to 10 showed varities among donors. On day 8 to 9 of estrus cycle hatching-blas tocyst was recovered from some donors.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.105-109
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• 2018

A 40-year-old G1 P0 L0 A1 woman was referred to our clinic with 6-year history of infertility. Before visiting the clinic, she had 3 cycles of In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) procedures (2 cycles of Controlled Ovarian Stimulation-IVF and 1 cycle of frozen-thawed Embryo Transfer (ET)) at other clinic. She had medical history of abortion at early gestation following FET (frozen-thawed-ET). The patient had complete type of septate uterus, double cervix and longitudinal vaginal septum. Vaginal septotomy was done first and 1 month later, hysteroscopic septoplasty was followed using ballooning filled with dye. After septoplasty, we inserted ballooning and left for several days to compress septal endometrium on the septectomy area. All procedures were done in the ambulatory operating room without laparoscopy or admission. 3 months later, she had in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) and FET procedures in our clinic. She had successful pregnancy and now is at 22 weeks of gestation. New ambulatory septoplasty using dye-filled ballooning is easy, safe and minimally invasive surgery for treatment of complete septate uterus.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2011

This study investigated potential relationship between fetal deaths and plasma progesterone concentrations of bitches. Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed on small-pet 23 dogs from gestation day (GD) 15 through parturition. The dogs were 3 non-pregnant bitches, 9 spontaneous delivery bitches, 6 partial early embryonic death bitches, 2 whole early embryonic death bitches, and 3 aborted bitches. The late pregnancy (GD 51-54) appeared in 2 of the 3 aborted bitches and the hypoluteoidism appeared in 1 of the 3 aborted bitches. The plasma progesterone concentrations of partial early embryonic death bitches (n=6) showed no significant difference when compared with the spontaneous delivery bitches. We observed that plasma progesterone concentrations were dramatic decrease before the onset of embryonic death in whole early embryonic death bitches that plasma progesterone concentrations of aborted bitches at late pregnancy were significantly decreased when compared with those of spontaneous delivery bitches. The plasma progesterone concentrations of the hypoluteoidism bitch were lower than those of spontaneous delivery bitches. At the hypoluteoidism bitch, fetuses were resorbed in early pregnancy and aborted in late pregnancy. On the basis of the results, the diagnosis of partial early embryonic death could not be confirmed without ultrasonographic examination. The partial early embryonic death was considered a spontaneous phenomenon and uncorrelated with plasma progesterone concentration. However, aborted bitches and whole early embryonic death bitches were related to plasma progesterone concentrations and that of bitches gradually decreased before fetal death. These findings suggest that administration of progesterone may be a useful preventing agent against fetal death.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.149-152
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• 1996

This study was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of production of cloned embryos by nuclear translatation (NT) when using 4-cell to compact morula stage embryos as nuclear donor. In micromanitulation and electrofusion of blastomeres from 4-cell to morula stage embryos, the successful injection rate was higher with late stage blastomeres, on the contrary the fusion rate was lower. The in vitro developmental rate of NT embryos was not significantly different between cell-stages of donor blastomeres. Although the overall rate of production of cloned embryos with 4-cell. 8-cell, early and late morula stage embryos was 14.0, 18.0, 15.3 and 14.1%, respectively, the mean number of blastocysts produced with a donor embryo was the most (4.51) with the compact morulae. Therefore, it can be suggested that the embryos at thelate stage is more beneficial for the mulciple production of cloned embryos, If the late stage blastomeres have maintained their totipotency to produce intact offspring.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.231-231
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• 2004

Successful embryonic development is dependant on temporal and stage-specific expression of appropriate genes. However, information on specific gene expression during early cleavage before zygotic gene activation (ZGA) is lacking. In the present study, we compared gene expression between porcine parthenotes 2-cell and blastocyst embryos to identify the genes that are specifically or prominently expressed by employing annealing control primers (ACP)-based Gene Fishing RCR. (omitted)

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.577-582
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• 2012

single-minded (sim) is a master regulatory gene that directs differentiation in the central nervous system during Drosophila embryogenesis. Recent identification of the mesectoderm enhancer (MSE) of sim has led to the hypothesis that two Snail (Sna)-binding sites in the MSE may repress sim expression in the presumptive mesoderm. We provide evidence here that three Sna-binding sites proximal to the sim promoter, but not those of the MSE, are responsible for the mesodermal repression of sim in vivo. Using transgenic embryos injected with lacZ transgenes, we showed that sim repression in the mesoderm requires the three promoter-proximal Sna-binding sites. These results suggest that Sna represses the mesectodermal expression of sim by directly repressing the nearby promoter, and not by quenching adjacent transcriptional activators in the MSE. These data also showed how the MSE, lacking the three proximal Sna-binding sites, reproduced the endogenous pattern of sim expression in transgenic embryos.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.33-40
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• 2017

X-chromosome inactivation is one of the most complex events observed in early embryo developments. The epigenetic changes occurred in female X-chromosome is essential to compensate dosages of X-linked genes between males and females. Because of the relevance of the epigenetic process to the normal embryo developments and stem cell studies, X-chromosome inactivation has been focused intensively for last 10 years. Initiation and regulation of the process is managed by diverse factors. Especially, proteins and non-coding RNAs encoded in X-chromosome inactivation center, and a couple of transcription factors have been reported to regulate the event. In this review, we introduce the reported factors, and how they regulate epigenetic inactivation of X-chromosomes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.122-123
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• 2006