• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.205-216
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• 2005

This study investigated aspects of caregiver's input relating to the early development of nouns and verbs. Subjects were 34 Korean-Chinese children in Yanji, China. At 1 year of age each child's spontaneous speech during interaction with his/her caregiver was videotaped for about 30 minutes. The children's spontaneous utterances were transcribed and coded on the lexical level(nouns and verbs) and the pragmatic level. Children's speech was recorded, transcribed and coded again at 2 years of age. Results showed that children used more verbs when they were older; there were no differences between the two ages in mother's pragmatic utterances but when they were two-years-old children used more actionoriented utterances and object-described utterances. Mother's input was related to children's pragmatic utterances.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.41-52
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• 2014

The present study investigated the sleep patterns 1-to 3-year-old children and examined whether their sleep patterns would predict their early adjustment to daycare centers. The participants were 239 young children attending daycare centers in Seoul. The data on children's sleep patterns were collected by parent report. Children's adjustment to daycare was assessed by daycare providers' reports. The data were analyzed by means of Chi-square test, t-test, Pearson's correlation, ANOVA and discriminant analysis. The results were as follows: Children from dual-earner families had shorter nocturnal sleep duration than those from single-earner families. There was no significant relation between daytime sleep duration and sleep-onset time at night. It was found that children who go to bed earlier were more likely to get sufficient sleep without nocturnal wakefulness. Age and total sleep duration were seen to be significant variables when it came to discriminating between the adjustment versus maladjustment groups.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.189-212
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• 2000

This study investigated the adaptability of 3rd grade children in Taejon who had started first grade at 5 years of age. Subjects were 64 third grade children, half of whom had started first grade at 5 years and half at 6 years of age. Thirty-four parents and 36 elementary school teachers were also sampled. The General Intelligence Test, the Learning and Thinking Ability Test, and the Socio-Emotional Development Checklist were administered to the children. Parents and Teachers responded to the Questionnaire on the Adaptability of Early Entrance Children. There were no statistically significant differences between children who started first grade at 5 and those who started at 6 years of age in their Intelligence scores, Learning and Thinking Ability scores, and the Socio-Emotional Development scores. Parents as sell as teachers felt that the early entrance system was positive for children.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2014

Purpose: The spontaneous seroconversion rate of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection in children is lower than that in adults. However, few studies have investigated the rate of transition from the immune-tolerant to the early immune-clearance phase in children. Methods: From February 2000 to August 2011, we enrolled 133 children aged <18 years who had visited the Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University Hospital. All subjects were in the immune-tolerant phase of HBeAg-positive CHB virus infection. The estimated transition rate into the early immune-clearance phase was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Among the 133 enrolled pediatric CHB virus infection patients in the HBeAg-positive immune-tolerant phase, only 21 children (15.8%) had converted to the early immune-clearance phase. The average age at entry into active hepatitis was $10.6{\pm}4.8$ years. The incidence of transition from the immune-tolerant to the early immune-clearance phase in these children was 1.7 episodes/100 patient-years. When analyzed by age, the estimated transition rate was 4.6%, 7.1%, and 28.0% for patients aged <6, 6-12, >12 years, respectively. Conclusion: In children with CHB virus infection, the estimated rate of entry into the early immune-clearance phase was 28.0% for patients aged 12-18 years, which was significantly higher than that observed for children aged <12 years (11.7%; p=0.001).

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.147-166
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of parenthood of mothers of early school-age children, with emphasis on cognitive, behavioral, and emotional aspects of parenthood. Methods: Nineteen mothers whose children were 1st and 2nd grade elementary school children participated in this study. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews. During the interview, mothers were asked to speak freely about their experiences as parents of early-school age children, including parenting beliefs, parenting behaviors, and emotional experiences related to parenting. These interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed in a thematic way using MAXQDA. Results: Using qualitative methods, five major themes were emerged: (1) Recognizing the role of parents as a supporter of growth; (2) recognizing parenthood of the present generation that imposes expanded roles to mothers; (3) co-parenting of early school-age children and marital relationship; (4) co-existence of different parenting styles based on specific mother-child interaction situations; (5) experiencing a wide spectrum of emotions including anxiety, guilt, and depression, as well as happiness. Conclusion: This study revealed the unique cognitive, behavioral, and emotional aspects of parenthood experienced by mothers with early school-age children. Results of this study can fill a gap in our understanding of parenthood of mothers when their children entered into the new developmental stage of middle childhood. The results could also be used as a basis for developing parent education and family relationship programs.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.281-286
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• 2023

We aimed to find out how teaching ethics and empathy affect the perception of children's rights with 297 pre-service early childhood teachers enrolled in the Department of Early Childhood Education at universities located in Busan. Through this, the purpose of this study was to present basic data for the development of a character development program for a high-quality early childhood teacher training institution. We derived the following research results. First, as a result of examining the degree of recognition of pre-service early childhood teachers' teaching ethics, empathy, and awareness of children's rights, the average value was high in the order of teaching ethics, awareness of children's rights, and empathy. Second, there was a positive correlation between pre-service early childhood teachers' empathy ability, teaching ethics and awareness of children's rights, and empathy ability and awareness of children's rights. Third, as a result of examining the relative effects of teaching ethics and empathy of pre-service early childhood teachers on the recognition of children's rights, social ethics was found to be the strongest predictor among teaching ethics. In this study, we identified that teaching ethics and empathy are effective in various approaches to promote awareness of children's rights in pre-service early childhood teachers. And the results of this study provides the basic data for the character development of desirable teachers that pre-service early childhood teachers should have.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.596-608
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• 1996

For design of early childhood children's footwear, this study was to analyze the properties of their foot. This study was performed in 200 male and 200 female early childhood children from 3 and 6 years old lived in susan urban area. There were measured 17 items of the foot and calculated 4 indexs for analysis. The result was as follows; 1 The growth rate differs from the sites of a foot. According to the growth of age, early childhood children's foot are more slender. 2. The average of foot print angle is $15~27^{\circ}$ and it is flat. Among the age groups, the numbers of 4 kinds of foot print angle are different siginificantly. 3. The average of metatarso phalanx angle is $174~178^{\circ}$ that is higher than adults'. 4. There are no significant difference between male children's foot and female childen's one except tarsal circumference and tarsal height. Tarsal part of male children is higher and ticket than female children's. 5. Because some of 3~6 age groups belong to the one foot length group, we should consider the age properties of foot in order to design footwears. When the size of footwear is divided by only foot length, the ranges of another measurements are larger than the range of foot length.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.47
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• pp.206-242
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• 2001

A survey research was conducted for a sample of 306 adult children who have an elderly parent or both parents alive. The purpose of the research was to test a structural equation model which specified the effects of early family relationships on comtemporary relationships and assistance patterns between adult children and their parents. The data were analyzed using EQS for Windows 5.7, utilizing maximum likelihood method. The results showed that early family relationships affected filial concern first, which in turn affected the level of assistance provided by adult children for elderly parents. No direct effect has been found between early family relationships and the level of assistance by adult children for elderly parents. Filial concern was played as an intervening variable. Early family relationships gave no direct effects to adult children's intention to assist their parents. Here again, filial concern was played as an intervening factor. Adult children's intention to assist their parents had not been led directly to provision of actual support to parents by their adult children. Thus, it was identified that intention to support is one thing, and the actual support is another. Controlling for the effects of filial concern, overall, early family relationship patterns gave no differential effects to the different aspects of support provided to parents by their adult children. On the basis of these results, this paper provided both discussions and suggestions for some strategies of intervention in the present family relationships in order for the inter-generational exchange of supports to happen in the future.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.161-175
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to develop proper early childhood information communication ethics education program and apply it to children based on previous researches and demands of early childhood teacher in order to protect children who remain defenseless in the information society. The draft was developed after analyzing previous research and survey of early childhood teachers' perception and demands on early childhood information communication ethics education. On the basis of the draft and the survey, the early childhood information communication ethics education program was developed after examining the adequacy of each item and subordinate areas which was conducted by early childhood professionals and applied 17 children. Moreover, early childhood information communication ethics attitude surveys were carried out before and after the program to obtain effects of the early childhood information communication ethics education program. The early childhood information communication ethics education program was effective. There was significant difference (t=-2.27, p<.05) of mean score between experiment group and control group.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.319-331
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• 2007

This review of literature establishes a contemporary meaning of mathematical problem solving including young children's mathematical problem solving processes/assessments and teaching strategies. The contemporary meaning of mathematical problem solving involves complicated higher thinking processes. Explanations of the mathematical problem solving processes of young children include the four steps suggested by $P{\acute{o}}lya$(1957) : understand the problem, devise a plan, carry out the plan, and review/extend the plan. Assessments of children's mathematical problem solving include both the process and the product of problem solving. Teaching strategies to support children's mathematical problem solving include mathematical problems built upon children's daily activities, interests, and questions and helping children to generate new approaches to solve problems.