• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2005

Proper choice of source populations contributes to the ultimate success of selection for genetic improvement. The source population should possess the most desirable alleles at as many loci as possible for intra population improvement. Such desirable alleles can be intensified by introgression of exotic germ plasm into locally adapted ones through hybridization followed by selection. The objectives of this study were to determine the mean performance, genetic variability $({\sigma}^2G)$ and heritability of fresh ear yield and other important traits within two sweet corn source populations, $BC1-10{\times}Syn-II$ and BC2-10. One hundred selfed progenies from each of the two source populations were evaluated in a $10\times10$ lattice design, at the Institute of Bioscience (IBS) Farm, University of Putra Malaysia (UPM) following the recommended cultural practices. Significant differences among selfed progenies within $BC1-10{\times}Syn-II$ were observed for all traits, while differences among selfed progenies within BC2-10 were noted for fresh ear yield, ear length, ear diameter, number of kernels per row, ear height, days to tasseling and days to silking. Progenies developed from $BC1-10{\times}Syn-II$ population had higher estimates of ${\sigma}^2G$ than did progenies from BC2-10 population for number of kernel rows per ear, total soluble solids, plant height, days to tasseling and days to silking, showing that selection to improve these traits would be more effective in selfed progenies of $BC1-10{\times}Syn-II$ than that in BC2-10. On the other hand, progenies developed from BC2-10 population had higher estimates of ${\sigma}^2G$ for ear length, ear diameter and ear height, indicating that progenies from this population would have better genetic gain than $BC1-10{\times}Syn-II$. Comparable estimates of genetic variance were found for fresh ear yield, and number of kernels per row, indicating that genetic improvement of the two source populations is expected to produce similar genetic gains for these two traits. Therefore, selfed progenies developed from both source populations could be used to improve the two populations for various traits and thereby develop superior genotypes for immediate use in the production system.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of weed flora in pastures in Jeju island of Korea and to establish the basic data for controlling them occurred in the pastures. Weed flora was investigated twice, May and July on 2003. There were a total of 207 weed species including 49 families. Among them 67 species were annual, 39 species were biennial and 101 species were perennial. The compositions of major plant families, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae were 17, 15, 8, 7, 6%, respectively. Sixty-eight species of exotics were occurred, as well. Rumex obtusifolius was the highest in importance analysis and the followings were in order of Trifolium repens, Artemisia princeps, Plantago asiatica, Potentilla anemonefolia and Rumex acetosella etc. Among the exotic weeds, R. obtusifolius, T. repens, R. acetosella and C. holosteoides var. hallaisanense might be most problematic weeds species in pastures in Jeju island in the future. And at the boundary of some pastures and mountains Smilax china, Duchesnea indica, Rosa maximowicziana, etc. 17 shrub species were also occurred.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2018

This study aims to study the flora and identify the naturalized plants of the 4 ancient palace (Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, Deoksugung) and Jongmyo Shrine, which are national cultural heritage and urban cultural centers in Seoul. The plants found consisted of 315 taxa in total, belonging to 82 families, 201 genera, 285 species, 1 subspecies and 29 varieties. The naturalized plants were shown as follows: in the Deoksugung Palace(33 taxa), the Jongmyo Shrine(14 taxa) and the Gyeongbok Palace(21 taxa) and the Changdeokgung Palace complex(11 taxa). The results of the analysis based on the place of origin showed a higher rate of distribution of species based in North America, Europe and Eurasia, with higher rates of grass than tree. In addition, except for Gyeongbokgung Palace, the annual rate is higher than the perennial rate. As a result of naturalization analysis, the percentage of naturalized plants corresponding to naturalization degree 3 and naturalization degree 5 was high. According to the moment of the invasion, the naturalized plants recently introduced were higher than the first species. In addition, it was found that the similarity between the sites was more than 40%, and the diversity of species of naturalized plants common to the five sites was very low. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for cultural heritage landscaping and naturalized plant management.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.175-190
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• 2006

The term mycoherbicide started in 1970, but its interest heightened due to increase costs of chemical herbicides. A classical biocontrol agent is expected to become a permanent part of its new environment and do no harm to it. Contemporary biological control agent(BCA) must be produced by artificial culture and could be applied like chemical herbicides over weeds. BCA is different from the classical approach in that it released through natural spread. To date 26 species of fungi are used as classical BCA against 26 species of weeds in seven countries. There are a number of examples of pathogens attacking non-target plants. But through risk assessments which include understanding the taxonomy, biology and ecology, the target and non-target species, it will be safe to introduce of exotic pathogens to control weeds. But pathogens have not been successfully used in practice. Many mycoherbicides show potential in laboratories, but are ineffective in the field and not consistent from year to year or field to field. There is also a lack of understanding humidity, dew formation and temperature and their effects on suppression of weeds by plant pathogens. Potential pathogen must be selected as a BCA. Previous studies suggest that these pathogens must (1) produce abundant and durable inoculum in artifical culture, (2) be genetically stable and weed specific and (3) kill weeds in control. A granular preparation of mycoherbicide into sodium alginate is lighter than liquids and less bulky than organic matter. Gel forms have also been used.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.174-189
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• 2012

This study aims to examine the traditional living space to reflect the environment-friendly design methods and principles of reestablishment. To do so, this study carried on a related literature study and field survey. The traditional living space in terms of the environmental friendliness is reflected on site selection and space composition, and utilization of natural energy and natural materials. Focused on the Kwangajeong in Yangdong Village, this study is to identify eco-friendly techniques on the traditional living space. As a result, it shows that Kwangajeong with the side of the southeast in site selection had been considered in aspect of environmental control such as sunshine and solar radiation. Also building construction techniques had been used to minimize the variation of terrain. In aspect of environmental conservation, Kwangajeong had structurally arranged the gate, an inner yard and an inner floor to allow good ventilation. In aspect of space composition, Kwangajeong with the emphasis of scenic view had utilized the methods that attract external landscape through the control of its fences. Environment-friendly techniques and control principles in traditional space had been developed by a long experience through the long periods and the traditional techniques suitable for local climate and local environment have been developed. The technical development of these techniques to resolve the global environmental and energy issues and create a more pleasant living environment of human beings might be critical.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.41-63
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to secure objective and precise data through ecosystem monitoring, to reveal ecological characteristics through comparison and analysis with past survey data, and to accumulate basic data for diagnosing the current situation and predicting changes in the ecosystem. The target site is the 'Quercus mongolica forest on the Buksa-myeon of Namsan', which was designated as an Ecological Landscape Conservation Area (ELCA) of Seoul in July 2006. The research contents are analysis of soil environment change (1986~2016), change of actual vegetation (1978~2016), and change of plant community structure (1994~2016). A total of 8 fixed surveys (400~1,200m²) were established in 1994 and 2000. Analysis items are importance value, species and population, and Shannon's species diversity. The soil environment of Namsan is acidic (pH 4.40 in 2016), which is expected to have a negative impact on tree growth and vegetation structure due to its low capacity for exchangeable cations. Quercus mongolica forest in Namsan is mainly distributed on the northern slopes. The actual vegetation area changed from 49.4% in 1978 → 80.7% in 1986 → 82.4% in 2000 → 88.3% in 2005 → 88.3% in 2009 → 70.3% in 2016. In 2016, the forest decreased by 18% compared to 2009. While there was increased growth of Quercus mongolica in the tree layer from 2009 to 2016, the overall decline in vegetation area was due to logging and fumigation management following the spread of oak wilt in 2012. As for the changes in the plant community structure, Quercus mongolica of the tree layer was damaged by oak wilt, and the potential vegetation that can form the next generation was ambiguous. In the subtree layer, the force of urbanization tree species such as Styrax japonicus, Sorbus alnifolia, and Acer palmatum. was maintained or increased. In the shrub layer, the number of trees and species increased significantly due to the open tree crown, and accordingly, the species diversity of Shannon for woody plants also increased. In Quercus mongolica forest of Namsan, various ecological changes are occurring due to the effects of urban environments such as air pollution and acid rain, the limitation of Quercus mongolica pure forest due to oak wilt, and the introduction of exotic species, thus, it is necessary to establish a management plan through continuous monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.62-90
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• 2023

This study was conducted to study the vascular plants of Balbaeksan, located on the border between Gyeongsan-si and Cheongdo-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. It was performed 13 times from September 2020 to November 2021, and the investigated vascular plants were identified as a total of 93 families, 302 genera, 485 species, 10 subspecies, 40 varieties, 13 varieties, and 545 taxa. Endemic plants were investigated in 18 taxa, 9 taxa of rare plants; Vulnerable (VU) 5 taxa, Least concerned (LC) 3 taxa, Data Deficient (DD) 1 taxa, Red List plants 5 taxa; 3 taxa of least concerned (LC), 2 taxa of Not Evaluated (NE), 183 taxa of biological resources subject to export approval, 78 taxa of specific taxonomy; There were 9 taxa of grade IV, 20 taxa of grade III, 20 taxa of grade II, and 28 taxa of grade I. 4 taxa of plants subject to climate change adaptation; 2 taxa of endemic plants, 1 taxa of southern plants, 1 taxa of northern plants, 4 taxa of climate change biomarker species, 2 taxa of candidate species of climate change biomarker, 65 taxa of exotic plants, and 3 taxa of ecosystem disturbance species. Plants 235 taxa (43.1%), medicinal plants 257 taxa (47.2%), ornamental plants 148 taxa (27.2%), woody plants 54 taxa (9.9%), herbaceous plants 37 taxa (6.8%), industrial plants 15 Taxa (2.8%), 11 taxa (2.0%) of fiber-bearing plants, and plants of unknown use were identified as 73 taxa (13.4%). The flora of Mt. Balbaek was investigated for the first time, and plants to be preserved in order to secure useful plant resources and biological sovereignty were identified. So continuous monitoring is necessary to prevent the introduction of foreign plants that may be caused by the recent increase in the number of people coming and going.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.94-108
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to provide data for the restoration of 'Yongyun(龍淵)' and 'Hwahongmun(華虹門)' through an investigation of the vicinity of their original landscapes at the time of construction of Hwaseong in Suwon and through tracing the transformative process of the environments of this vicinity. The results are as follows; As identified by 'Yongyunjung(龍淵亭)' and 'Yongdugak(龍頭閣)', other names of Yongyun, 'Banghwasuryujung(訪花隨柳亭)', which was built on 'Yongduam', is a facility whose place identity is highlighted with a sense of unity with Yongyun. The south lakefront of Yongyun, bordering Banghwasuryujung, has boundaries that make the best use of the natural geographical features of Yongduam while the current circumference of Yongyun is comparatively shorter than its original state. The size of 'Joongdo(中島)', however, seems to be an example of apparent over-design complement and reorganize 'Joongdo', which had been restored larger than its original state at the time of restoration in the 1970s. The depth of 'Yongyun' was created to be lower than the actual depth, without consideration for its initial depth, as soil was accumulated through continuous flooding after it was created. It is assumed that the original drains which were installed about 10m inside the lake were created facing the stream. As regards the planting environment, a circular planting of willows was made in the outskirts of 'Yongyun', except the 'Yongduam' which is a pure forest, and a mix of 'Pinus densiflora', shrubbery and deciduous broad leaf trees was planted in 'Joongdo'. Of the plants growing in the area of this study, plant species introduced to Korea after Hwaseong was constructed are found, most of which provide interest and attraction. The old pine trees growing in a group once grew in the castle areas of the vicinity even in the 1920s, the period of Japanese occupation, but they disappeared from the area in the aftermath of subsequent urban development and the Korean War. Although restored to the site, the number and space taken up by these trees are insignificant compared to those of the original environment. On the basis of these results, the following is considered necessary for the true restoration of the vicinity of 'Yongyun' and 'Hwahongmun': First, the grounds of 'Yongyun' should be dredged deeply enough to expose the bedrock and should be recreated in the rough outline of a half moon by extension to the southwest toward 'Yongduam' and 'Hwahongmun', and the size of 'Joongdo' should be significantly reduced. Secondly, considering that most plant species, except the pine trees and wild trees in 'Yongduam', are non-native plants introduced in order to provide such attractions such as the appreciation of scenic areas, they should be replaced with native species, mainly with the pine trees which were utilized during the construction of Hwaseong. The weeping willows planted in the 'middle-island' should be relocated to the outskirts of 'Yongyun', and replaced with pine trees as the major trees and maple trees or deciduous broadleaf trees to fill in the gaps. Thirdly, exotic species such as the 'Pinus rigida' planted in a group around 'Banghwasuryujung' and 'Bugammun' and 'Pinus strobus' planted in the vicinity of Hwahongmun' should be removed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 2005

The major symptom such as yellowish and mosaic spots in overwintering barley were mostly caused by viruses such as Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) in the nation-wide for four years. The result showed that more than $78\%$ collected samples were infected by the viruses. The incidence of Ba YMV was more than $70\%$, and relatively uniformly distributed in the southern regions of barley fields in Korea. However the incidence of BaYMV in Gyeonggi Province was as low as $19\%$ compared to $65\~85\%$ in the rest of regions. Occurrence of BaMMV varied depending on investigated regions such as $20\~40\%$ in Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Gangwon and Gyeongnam, and a lower infection in Gyeongbuk, Chungnam and Gyeonggi Provinces. In this result, $60\%$ of BaMMV was found to be in the southwest regions of Korea such as Jeonbuk and Jeonnam Provinces. Over all, both BaYMV and BaMMV were thought to be dominantly casual agents in overwintering barley by either solely or mixed infections. Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus(SBWMV) occurred at most $14\%$ in Gyeonggi and Barley yellow dwarf virus-MAY (BYDV­MAV) was found only one place in Jeonbuk, suggesting that SBWMV and BYDV-MAV were not significant diseases in Korea. Exotic genetic resources that possess different resistant genes to BaYMV and BaMMV were tested to identify the responses to the viruses occurred in Iksan. According to the ELISA results, BaYMV and BaMMV were infected in some plant materials but SBWMV was not identified. Any resistant gene was not effective to BaYMV-Ik (Insan strain) and BaMMY. Ishukushirazu (rym 3) and Chosen (rym 3), Tokushima Mochi Hadaka (rym 4y) and Hakei 1-41 (rym 5a) showed resistant response with little symptoms to BaYMY. The other five accessions possessing rym 1+5, rym 2, rym 4m, rym 5 and rym 9, respectively, were resistant to BaMMV. Various symptoms were observed in the tested plant materials such as not only yellowish and mosaic symptoms mostly but also necrotic spot, tissue necrosis, leaf stripe and leaf curling. However, it was difficult to find any relationship between resistant genes and specific symptoms.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.26-35
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• 2013

This study was conducted to select superior provenances of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) well adapted to Korean environment for timber production. In 1976, twenty-two provenances of Scots pine were introduced from Sweden and the seeds were sown in seed beds in March. After one year, the seedlings were transplanted to nursery beds. The resulting 1-1 seedlings of 22 provenances were planted at Whaseong in 1978. Randomized complete block design with 3 replications were used for test plantation. Each provenance was planted with 20-tree row plot in each block and at a spacing of $1.8{\times}1.8m$. The growth performance of each provenance was monitored up to 33-years after planting. There were significant differences among provenances in volume growth. F3001 provenance showed the best volume growth of 33-years after planting ($0.160m^3$), which was 2.2 times greater than that of the lowest provenance W2027 ($0.072m^3$). The ranking of provenances was stabilized after 14 years. Comparing to reference tree species, Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora), all Scots pine provenances showed poor growth performance. In other words, volume growth of Japanese red pine at age 28 and 33 were 2.1 and 3.3 times greater than that of Scots pine, respectively. Moreover, survival rate of Scots pine was lower than that of Japanese red pine. Based on these results, it was suggested that Scots pine was not suitable to Korean environments. The cause of maladaptation of Scots pine and the implications of introduction breeding were discussed.