• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2016

Background: In order to evaluate the effect of pH, known as a critical factor for shaping the biogeographical microbial patterns in the studies by others, on the bacterial diversity, we selected two sites in a similar geographical location (site 1; north latitude 35.3, longitude 127.8, site 2; north latitude 35.2, longitude 129.2) and compared their soil bacterial diversity between them. The mountain soil at site 1 (Jiri National Park) represented naturally acidic but almost pollution free (pH 5.2) and that at site 2 was neutral but exposed to the pollutants due to the suburban location of a big city (pH 7.7). Methods: Metagenomic DNAs from soil bacteria were extracted and amplified by PCR with 27F/518R primers and pyrosequenced using Roche 454 GS FLX Titanium. Results: Bacterial phyla retrieved from the soil at site 1 were more diverse than those at site 2, and their bacterial compositions were quite different: Almost half of the phyla at site 1 were Proteobacteria (49 %), and the remaining phyla were attributed to 10 other phyla. By contrast, in the soil at site 2, four main phyla (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria) composed 94 %; the remainder was attributed to two other phyla. Furthermore, when bacterial composition was examined on the order level, only two Burkholderiales and Rhizobiales were found at both sites. So depending on pH, the bacterial community in soil at site 1 differed from that at site 2, and although the acidic soil of site 1 represented a non-optimal pH for bacterial growth, the bacterial diversity, evenness, and richness at this site were higher than those found in the neutral pH soil at site 2. Conclusions: These results and the indices regarding diversity, richness, and evenness examined in this study indicate that pH alone might not play a main role for bacterial diversity in soil.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.162-177
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• 2020

Background: Ecologists have achieved much progress in the study of mechanisms that maintain species coexistence and diversity. In this paper, we reviewed a wide range of past research related to these topics, focusing on five theoretical bodies: (1) coexistence by niche differentiation, (2) coexistence without niche differentiation, (3) coexistence along environmental stress gradients, (4) coexistence under non-equilibrium versus equilibrium conditions, and (5) modern perspectives. Results: From the review, we identified that there are few models that can be generally and confidently applicable to different ecological systems. This problem arises mainly because most theories have not been substantiated by enough empirical research based on field data to test various coexistence hypotheses at different spatial scales. We also found that little is still known about the mechanisms of species coexistence under harsh environmental conditions. This is because most previous models treat disturbance as a key factor shaping community structure, but they do not explicitly deal with stressful systems with non-lethal conditions. We evaluated the mainstream ideas of niche differentiation and stochasticity for the coexistence of plant species across salt marsh creeks in southwestern Denmark. The results showed that diversity indices, such as Shannon-Wiener diversity, richness, and evenness, decreased with increasing surface elevation and increased with increasing niche overlap and niche breadth. The two niche parameters linearly decreased with increasing elevation. These findings imply a substantial influence of an equalizing mechanism that reduces differences in relative fitness among species in the highly stressful environments of the marsh. We propose that species evenness increases under very harsh conditions if the associated stress is not lethal. Finally, we present a conceptual model of patterns related to the level of environmental stress and niche characteristics along a microhabitat gradient (i.e., surface elevation). Conclusions: The ecology of stressful systems with non-lethal conditions will be increasingly important as ongoing global-scale climate change extends the period of chronic stresses that are not necessarily fatal to inhabiting plants. We recommend that more ecologists continue this line of research.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.383-399
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• 2018

In the present study, the community distribution, functional feeding groups, and habitat groups of the benthic macroinvertebrates from Gayasan National Park were investigated at eight different sites from 2015 to 2016. The correlation between habitat altitude and each group type was analyzed statistically. Biodiversity indices, including dominance, diversity, richness, and evenness indices, were calculated. The results showed a total of 4,216 individual benthic macroinvertebrates were collected, including 4 phyla, 6 classes, 16 orders, 40 families, and 100 species. Gammarus sobaegensis was dominant with 0.141% dominance, and the subdominant species was Epeorus nipponicus with 0.088% dominance. The EPT group(Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Tricoptera) accounted for 71.00% of the total species and 67.69% of the total individuals. The number of scraper species was highest, and the number of gathering collector individuals was highest among functional feeding groups. The individual number of scrapers(r=-0.358, p < 0.05) and gathering collectors(r=-0.343, p < 0.05) decreased with increasing altitude. The numbers of species and individuals of clingers and sprawlers were highest among the habitat groups. The individual number of clingers(r=-0.547, p < 0.01) and burrowers(r=-0.331, p < 0.05) significantly decreased with increasing altitude. The diversity and richness indices were higher in St. 3 than in the other sites. The dominance index was highest in St. 2, and the evenness index was highest in St. 7. We evaluated the biological water quality with several known methods, and concluded that ESB(Ecological score of benthic macrovertebrates community) and GPI(Group polution index) were more suitable than KSI(Korean saprobic index) and BMI (Benthic macrovertebrate index) to assess the biological water quality of Gayasan mountain stream water.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.606-612
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• 2013

This paper investigates the physical properties of organic cotton staple yarns manufactured by ring and siro spinning methods as well as analyzes the physical properties of fabric specimens knitted with staple yarns made by these two methods. The breaking stress and evenness of organic ring staple yarns showed the same level for the Japanese specimens as the control yarns; in addition, the same coefficient for the friction of the manufactured yarns and Japanese specimens was also shown. These results makes it possible to manufacture organic staple ring yarns from organic cotton fibers. The tenacity and breaking strain of siro staple yarns were higher than ring staple yarns. The evenness and friction coefficient of siro staple yarns were lower than the ring staple yarns; in addition, hairiness and the number of siro staple yarns was significantly lower than the ring staple yarns. The dimensional stabilities of knitted fabrics by 20 Ne and 30 Ne siro staple yarns were superior to ring staple yarns. The color fastnesses of washing, perspiration and abrasion of knitted fabrics by two spinning methods showed the same level as the 4.5 grade; however, the light fastness of knitted fabric by siro staple yarns was superior to ring staple yarns. It was shown that the siro spinning method (using eco-friendly organic cotton fibers) was applicable to a high sensible knitted garment that overcame drawbacks of organic fibers related to shrinkable properties after washing and low color fastness to light.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.287-295
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• 2020

The differences between luminal microbiota (LM) and mucosal microbiota (MAM) were little known, especially in duodenum. In this study, LM and MAM in colon and duodenum of mice were investigated through 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The lowest bacterial diversity and evenness were observed in duodenal LM (D_LM), followed by duodenal MAM (D_MAM). Meanwhile, the bacterial diversity and evenness were obviously increased in D_MAM than these in D_LM, while no significant difference was observed between colonic MAM (C_MAM) and colonic LM (C_LM). PCoA analysis also showed that bacterial communities of LM and MAM in duodenum were completely separated, while these in colon overlapped partly. The ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) in D_MAM was significantly higher than that in D_LM. Lactobacillus was largely enriched and was the characteristic bacteria in D_LM. The characteristic bacteria in D_MAM were Turicibacter, Parasutterella, Marvinbryantia and Bifidobacterium, while in C_LM they were Ruminiclostridium_6, Ruminiclostridium_9, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_007 and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_010, and in C_MAM they were Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136, Mucispirillum, Alistipes, Ruminiclostridium and Odoribacter. The networks showed that more interactions existed in colonic microbiota (24 nodes and 74 edges) than in duodenal microbiota (17 nodes and 29 edges). The 16S rDNA function prediction results indicated that bigger differences of function exist between LM and MAM in duodenum than these in colon. In conclusion, microbiota from intestinal luminal content and mucosa were different both in colon and in duodenum, and bacteria in colon interacted with each other much more closely than those in duodenum.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.444-449
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• 1992

낙동강 하구생태계에 분포한 종속영양세균의 환경 변화에 따른 군집구조의 변화를 파악하기 위해 총 858 균주를 분리하여 수리학적 방법에 의해 분석하였다. 종의 다양성(H') 은 1.54-3.49 로, 하구언 건설 전의 수치와 큰 차이가 없었으나, 균등성지수(evenness index)(J') 는 0.31-0.80 으로 감소하였다. Physiological tolerance index 중 수온에 대한 지수(P') 는 수심이 얕은 정점에서, pH 와 염분에 대한 $P_{h}$ 및 $P_{s}$ 는 담수와 해수가 교차하는 정점에서 높았다. 우점의 cluster 를 속 (genus) 수준에서 동정한 결과 Aeromonas, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter-Morexella, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Micrococcaceae, Enterobacteriaceae 등으로 분류되어 하구언 축조 전과 동일한 종류의 세균뷴포를 나타냈으나 그 출현비율은 달랐다. 이와 같은 결과로 미루어 하구언 축조 등에 따른 낙동강 하구역의 환경변화는 분포세균의 종류보다는 생리적 특셩에 영양을 미쳐 특정종의 우점을 나타나게 한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2001

1999년 9월부터 2000년 8월까지 제주도 안덕면 화순리 화순화력발전소 인접 5개 지점 조간대의 대형저서무척추동물의 분포와 군집구조에 관한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 화순화력발전소 인접 조간대에 분포하는 대형무척추동물은총 6 문, 13 강, 24 목, 49 과, 97 종이 출현하였다. 조간대 상부구역의 제 1 우점종은 좁쌀무늬총알고둥, 제 2우점종은 군부 (Liolophura japonica), 테두리고등 (Patelloida saccharina), 배무래기 (Notoarmea schrenckii) 이였다. 중부구역의 제 1 우점종은 울타리고등 (Monodonta labio), 작은조무래기따개비 (Chthamalus challengeri), 고랑딱개비 (Siphonalia japonica), 군부 (L. japonica), 울타리고등 (M. labio)이였으며, 제 2 우점종은 배무래기 (N.schrenckii), 울타리고등 (M. labio), 진주담치 (Mytilus edulis), 거북손 (Mitella mitella), 군부 (L. japonica) 이였다. 하부구역의 제 1 우절종은 꽃고랑딱개비 (Siphonalia sirius), 작은조무래기따개비 (C. challengeri), 해변말미잘(Actinia mesembryanthemum), 테두리고등 (P. saccharina), 울타리고등 (M. labio) 이였으며, 제 2 우점종은 배무래기 (N. schrenckii), 군부 (L. japonica), 석회관갯지렁이(Serpula vermicularis), 울타리고등 (M. labio)이였다. 조간대 종다양도지수나 균등도, 풍부도는 하부구역이 상부구역이나 중부구역에 비하여 컸다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.58-65
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• 2006

본 연구는 백두대간에 서식하는 나비목 곤충의 분포를 파악하기 위하여 2005년 7월과 8월에 수행되었다. 총 15과 123속 462개체가 채집되었으며, 점봉산(인제군 인제읍 귀둔리) 15과 63속 166개체, 응복산(홍천군 내면 명계리) 15과 65 속 159개체, 오대산(평창군 도암면 병내리) 9과 40속 137개체가 채집되었다. 조사지역에서 채집된 종들 중 우점하고 있는 5종은 머루박각시 (Ampelophaga rubiginosa) 54개체, 참나무산누에나방 (Antheraea yamamai) 35개체, 솔송나방 (Dendrolimus superans) 27개체, 북방뒷노랑밤나방 (Triphaenopsis jezoensis) 14개체, 얼룩매미나방 (Lymantria monacha) 13개체였다. Shannon(H') 지수와 균등도지수 (J') 는 점봉산 1.52, 0.84, 응복산1.69, 0.91, 오대산 1.37, 0.83, 유사도지수 (QS)는 점봉산과 응복산이 0.28로 다소 높았으며, 점봉산과 오대산이 0.11로 낮게 나타났다.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2005

2004년 8월부터 10월까지 경북 상주의 갑장산에서 고도별에 따른 지표서식 딱정벌레의 군집을 조사하였다. 전 조사지에서 4과 15종 1,439개체의 지표서식 딱정벌레가 채집되었다. 월별 다양성은 9월에 12종 697개에가 채집이 되어 가장 높았으며, 8월에 8종 102개체, 10월에 5종 640개체가 채집이 되었다. 해발 800m 지역은 다양도지수와 균등도지수가 가장 낮게 나타났으며 풍부도지수는 가장 높게 나타났다. 풍부도지수는 해발 400m 지역에서 가장 높게 나타났으며 균등도지수는 해발300m 지역에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 붉은칠납작먼지벌레(Synuchus cycloderus)는 해발 300-800m 지역에서 우점종이었으며 윤납작먼지벌레(Synuchus nitidus)는 해발 200m 지역에서 우점종이었다. 본 조사 결과를 바탕으로 산림지역 내에 건설 된 골프장에서는 붉은칠납작먼지벌레와 윤납작먼지벌레를 환경 지표종으로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2014

This research was conducted on the conservation area of Baekdudaegan, Kangwondo under the purpose of evaluating bio-diversity according to the changes of spatial scale, using GIS data and spatial filtering method. The diversity index was calculated based on the information of species of The $5^{th}$ forest type map using Shannon-weaver index (H'), evenness index ($E_i$) and richness index ($R_i$). The diversity index was analyzed and compared according to the changes of 12 spatial scales from Kernel size $3{\times}3$ to $73{\times}73$ and basin unit. As for H' and $R_i$, spatial scale increased as diversity index decreased, while $E_i$ decreases gradually. H' and $R_i$ was highest; each 1.1 and 0.6, when the Kernel size was $73{\times}73$, while $E_i$ was 0.2, the lowest. When you look at according to the basin unit, for large basin unit, 'YeongDong' region shows higher diversity index than 'YeongSeo' region. For middle basin unit, 'Gangneung Namdaecheon' region, and for small basin unit, 'Gangneung Namdaecheon' and 'Gangneung Ohbongdaem' region shows high diversity index. When you look at the relationship between diversity index and Geographic factors, H' shows positive relation to curvature and sunshine factor while shows negative to elevation, slope, hillshade, and wetness index. Also $E_i$ was similar to the relationship between H' and Geographic factor. Meanwhile, $R_i$ shows positive relationship to curvature and sunshine factor, while negative to elevation, slope, hillshade, and wetness index. macro unit diversity index evaluation was possible through the GIS data and spatial filtering, and it can be a good source for local biosphere conservation policy making.