• 운동영양학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2020

[Purpose] In vivo studies have demonstrated the ergogenic benefits of eleutherococcus senticosus (ES) supplementation. ES has been observed to enhance endurance capacity, improve cardiovascular function, and alter metabolic functions (e.g., increased fat utilization); however, the exact mechanisms involved remain unknown. We aimed to determine whether ES could effectively induce fat loss and improve muscle metabolic profiles through increases in lipolysis- and lipid metabolism-associated protein expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, respectively, to uncover the direct effects of ES on adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells. [Methods] Different doses of ES extracts (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL) were added to cells (0.2 ES, 0.5 ES, and 1.0 ES, respectively) for 72 h and compared to the vehicle control (control). [Results] The intracellular triacylglycerol (TG) content significantly decreased (p < 0.05 for 0.2 ES, p < 0.01 for 0.5 ES and 1.0 ES) in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipose triglyceride lipase, which is involved in active lipolysis, was significantly higher in the 1.0 ES group than in the control group (p < 0.01) of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In C2C12 cells, the mitochondrial protein voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) was significantly increased in the 1.0 ES group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, we found that 1.0 ES activated both 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in skeletal muscle cells (p < 0.01). [Conclusion] These findings suggest that ES extracts decreased TG content, presumably by increasing lipase in adipocytes and metabolism-associated protein expression as well as mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle cells. These effects may corroborate previous in vivo findings regarding the ergogenic effects of ES supplementation.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.312-323
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 인간 생활에 기본이 되는 온도, 상대습도를 기초로 하여 인간의 온열감을 측정하여 남한의 온열감 분포의 특성과 기후유형을 파악하였다. 연구 방법은 설문지 검사를 통하여 온습도 지수 공식을 이용, 월별 온열감, 연 누적 온열감 지수를 계산하였다. 월별 온열감 지수 분석 결과 온열감의 지역적 차이는 위도 및 고도, 지형적 요인, 기단체계에 따른 영향으로 나타났다. 연 누적 온열감 지수분포는 대체로 남쪽에서 북쪽으로 갈수록, 해안에서 내륙으로 갈수록 기후 스트레스가 증가하였다. 이러한 원인으로 겨울의 추위 스트레스와 여름의 더위 스트레스가 높기 때문에 나타나는 현상으로 사료된다. 연 생리 기후유형은 쾌적함(M)기후유형, 극히 무더움(ES)유형, 쾌적함-극히 무더움(M-ES)유형, 쾌적함-무더움(M-S)유형, 더움-극히 무더움(W-ES)유형, 서늘함-극히 무더움(C-ES)유형, 서늘함-쾌적함(C-M)유형, 서늘함-쾌적함-극히 무더움(C-M-ES)유형으로 도합 8개의 기후유형으로 구분된다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.223-227
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• 2008

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells retain the capacity for self-renewal, are pluripotent and differentiate into the three embryonic germ layer cells. The regulatory transcription factors Oct4, Nanog and Sox2 play an important role in maintaining the pluripotency of human ES cells. The aim of this research was to identify unknown genes upregulated in human ES cells along with Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. This study characterizes an unknown gene, named chromosome 1 open reading frame 31 (C1orf31) mapping to chromosome 1q42.2. The product of C1orf31 is the hypothetical protein LOC388753 having a cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIb (COX6b) motif. In order to compare expression levels of C1orf31 in human ES cells, human embryoid body cells, vascular angiogenic progenitor cells (VAPCs), cord-blood endothelial progenitor cells (CB-EPCs) and somatic cell lines, we performed RT-PCR analysis. Interestingly, C1orf31 was highly expressed in human ES cells, cancer cell lines and SV40-immortalized cells. It has a similar expression pattern to the Oct4 gene in human ES cells and cancer cells. Also, the expression level of C1orf31 was shown to be upregulated in the S phase and early G2 phase of synchronized HeLa cells, leading us to purpose that it may be involved in the S/G2 transition process. For these reasons, we assume that C1orf31 may play a role in on differentiation of human ES cells and carcinogenesis.

• 천문학회보
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.69.2-69.2
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• 2021

We present the discovery of rare active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in nearby (z<0.05) compact elliptical galaxies (cEs) located in isolated environments. Using spectroscopic data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 12, four AGNs were identified based on the optical emission-line diagnostic diagram. SDSS optical spectra of AGNs show the presence of distinct narrow-line emissions. Utilizing the black hole (BH) mass-stellar velocity dispersion scaling relation and the correlation between the narrow L([OIII])/L(Hβ) line ratio and the width of the broad Hα emission line, we estimated the BH masses of the cEs to be in the range of 7×10⁵-8×10⁷ solar mass. The observed surface brightness profiles of the cEs were fitted with a double Sérsic function using the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey r-band imaging data. Assuming the inner component as the bulge, the K-band bulge luminosity was also estimated from the corresponding Two Micron All Sky Survey images. We found that our cEs follow the observed BH mass-stellar velocity dispersion and BH mass-bulge luminosity scaling relations, albeit there was a large uncertainty in the derived BH mass of one cE. In view of the observational properties of BHs and those of the stellar populations of cEs, we discuss the proposition that cEs in isolated environments are bona fide low-mass early-type galaxies (i.e., a nature origin).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1763-1768
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• 2001

The combined effects of low voltage electrical stimulation (ES) and early short-term temperature conditioning on meat quality of Hanwoo beef (Korean native cattle) during storage were investigated. Shear force was influenced by ES and aging. Combination of ES and the $30^{\circ}C$ conditioning resulted in higher myofibril fragmentation index and improved lightness. There was no substantial difference in drip loss among treatments but ES samples showed higher cooking loss than control. Negative effect on shelf-life was not found by early short-term high temperature conditioning. Therefore, the meat quality of Korean native cattle was effectively improved by the combination of ES and the $30^{\circ}C$ conditioning.

• 천문학회보
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.77.3-77.3
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• 2019

We present an analysis of the stellar population of compact elliptical galaxies (cEs) in various environments. Following conventional selection criteria of cEs, we created a list of cE candidates in the redshift range of z < 0.05 using SDSS DR12 catalog. We finally selected cEs with low-luminosity (Mg > 18.7 mag), small effective radius (Re < 600 pc), and high velocity dispersion (> 60 kms-1). We divide our cE sample into those inside and outside of the one virial radius of the bright (Mr < -21 mag) nearby host galaxy which is then defined as cEs with (cEw) and without (cEw/o) host galaxy, respectively. We investigated the stellar population properties of cEs based on the Hb, Mgb, Fe 5270, and Fe 5335 line strengths from the OSSY catalog. We found that cEw has a systematically higher metallicity than cEw/o. In the velocity dispersion-Mgb distribution, while cEw/o follows the relation of early-type galaxies, cEw are found to have a systematically higher metallicity than cEw/o at a given velocity dispersion. The different feature in the metallicity between cEw and cEw/o can suggest that two different scenarios can be provided in the formation of cEs. cEw would be the remnant cores of the massive progenitor galaxies that their outer parts have been tidally stripped by massive neighbor galaxies (i.e., nurture origin). On the other hand, cEw/o are likely to be faint-end of early-type galaxies maintaining in-situ evolution (i.e., nurture origin).

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.76-83
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• 2000

This study was carried out to predict blending ratio of cut tobacco(CT), expanded stem(ES), and expanded cut tobacco(ECT) in cigarettes. CT, ES, and ECT samples from A brand were, ground and blended with reference to A blending ratio, and scanned by near infrared spectroscopy(NIRSystem Co., Model 6500). Calibration equations were developed and then determined blending ratio by NIRS. The standard error of calibration(SEC) and performance(SEP) of C factory samples between NIRS and known blending ratio were 0.97%, 1.93% for CT, 0.50%, 1.12 % for ES and 0.68%, 1.10% for ECT, respectively. The SEP of CT, ES and ECT of Band D factory samples determined by C factory calibration equation were more inaccurate than those of C factory samples determined by C factory calibration equations. These results were caused by the difference of CT, ES and ECT spectra followed by each factory. The SEP of CT, ES and ECT of Band D factories determined by calibration equations derived from each factory samples were more accurate than those of determined by calibration equation derived from C factory samples. Each factory SEP of CT, ES and ECT determined by calibration equation derived from all calibration samples(B+C+D factory) was similar to that determined by calibration equation derived from each factory samples. To improve the analytical inaccuracy caused by spectra difference, we need to apply a specific calibration equation for each factory sample. Data in development of specific calibrations between sample and NIRS spectra might supply a method for rapid determination of blending ratio of CT, ES, and ECT.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.176-181
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• 2011

즉석 편이식품에서 위해도가 가장 큰 C. sakazakii와 S. enterica Typhimurium을 박테리오파지로 제어하기 위하여 용균성 박테리오파지를 분리, 동정하였고 조제분유와 채소 주스에 이들 세균에 적용하여 그의 효과를 분석하였다. 박테리오 파지는 돼지 분변에서 C. sakazakii와 S. enterica Typhimurium균을 용해시키는 박테리오파지를 분리하였고 현미경과 그의 특성을 분석, 동정하였다. Cronobacter에 작용하는 ES2 파지와 Salmonella의 ST2 파지는 형태학적 특성이 각각 Myoviridae와 Siphoviridae로 각각 동정되었으며 제한효소지도와 SDS-PAGE 분석에 의하여 서로 다른 파지임을 확인하였다. ES2 파지의 경우 latent period는 약 40분 정도였으며, ST2 파지는 약 30분 정도를 나타냈으며, burst size는 ES2 파지는 약 $52{\pm}5PFU/cell$, ST2 파지는 약 $21{\pm}3PFU/cell$로 나타났다. 열안정성은 $60^{\circ}C$에서 ST2 파지의 경우 100분 동안 안정한 것으로 나타났으나, ES2 파지는 30분 이후부터는 확인되지 않았다. 따라서 ST2 파지가 ES2 파지에 비해 열안정성이 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 이 분리 파지를 조제분유와 채소 주스에 직접 적용한 효과는 ES2에 의한 Cronobacter 제어는 접종 후 6시간까지는 균수가 일정하게 유지하였고 균의 증식을 일어나지 않는 것으로 나타났다. ST2 파지에 의한 Salmonella는 생육저해가 잘 일어나 접종시간이 지남에 따라 균수가 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 그러므로 C. sakazakii와 S. enterica Typhimurium의 생육저해는 이들 용균성 박테리오파지를 활용하여 가능한 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.216-219
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• 2004

The effect of culture temperature on the production of soluble form of B. macerans cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) in recombinant E. coli was investigated. E. coli cell was cotransformed with two plasmids (pTCGT1 and pGroll) in which the cgt and groEL/ES genes are under the control of T7 promoter and pzt-1 promoter, respectively. When tetracycline (10 ng/ml) and IPTG (l mM) were added as inducers at the early-exponential phase (2 h) and mid-exponential phase (3h), respectively, the solubilization of the inclusion body CGTase was greatly dependent on the temperature of the culture. At low culture temperature of $25^\circ{C}$, 2- or 3-fold higher activity and specific activity were obtained over $37^\circ{C}$. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that about 62% of CGTase in the total CGTase protein was found in the soluble fraction by applying overexpression of GroEL/ES chaperone and by cultivation of E. coli at $25^\circ{C}$, whereas 33% of CGTase was detected in the soluble fraction at $37^\circ{C}$. Therefore, the expression of GroEL/ES and cultivation at $25^\circ{C}$ greatly enhanced the soluble production of CGTase in E. coli.

• 폴리머
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.523-534
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• 2002

약 60-$130^{\circ}C$의 온도범위에서 cholesteric 반사색깔을 나타내는 새로운 히드록시프로필셀룰로오스 (HPC)와 에스테르화도 (DE)가 1-3 범위의 값을 갖는 HPC의 아크릴산 에스테르들 (ESs)을 제조하였다. 또한 DE가 2 이상인 ESs가 $50^{\circ}C$에서 나타내는 열방성 cholesteric 상에 UV광을 조사시킴에 의해 광학 pitch ($\lambda_m$)가 전 가시광 파장영역에 존재하는 ES 가교필름들을 제조하였다. 미가교와 가교시료들에 대한 열 및 광학 특성과 아세톤 중에서의 가교필름의 팽윤거동을 검토 하였다. HPC 자체와 동일하게 ESs의 $\lambda_m$은 온도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 그러나 동일한 온도에서 나타내는 $\lambda_m$은 ES가 HPC에 비해 크며 ES의 $\lambda_m$은 DE가 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. 가교시료들의 $\lambda_m$의 온도의존성은 ESs에 비해 대단히 약하였다. 또한, ESs는 DE가 증가함에 따라 낮은 액정상에서 등방상의 액체로의 전이온도를 나타내는 것과는 판이하게, 가교물질들은 액체상으로의 전이를 일으키지 않으며 약 $210^{\circ}C$에서 분해가 일어나는 것으로 나타났다. 가교필름들은 이방성 팽윤을 나타내었으며, 이러한 사실은 ES분자들간에 2차원적인 가교가 우선적으로 일어남을 시사한다.