• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제46권4호
• /
• pp.244-253
• /
• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to characterize the healing in the grafted calvarial defects of rats after adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Methods: Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats (body weight, 250-300 g) were randomly divided into two treatment groups: with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO; n=14) and without HBO (NHBO; n=14). Each group was further subdivided according to the bone substitute applied: biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP; n=7) and surface-modified BCP (mBCP; n=7). The mBCP comprised BCP coated with Escherichia-coli-derived recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (ErhBMP-2) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Two symmetrical circular defects (6-mm diameter) were created in the right and left parietal bones of each animal. One defect was assigned as a control defect and received no bone substitute, while the other defect was filled with either BCP or mBCP. The animals were allowed to heal for 4 weeks, during which those in the HBO group underwent 5 sessions of HBO. At 4 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and the defects were harvested for histologic and histomorphometric analysis. Results: Well-maintained space was found in the grafted groups. Woven bone connected to and away from the defect margin was formed. More angiogenesis was found with HBO and EGCG/BMP-2 (P<0.05). None of the defects achieved complete defect closure. Increased new bone formation with HBO or EGCG/BMP-2 was evident in histologic evaluation, but it did not reach statistical significance in histometric analysis. A synergic effect between HBO and EGCG/BMP-2 was not found. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the present findings indicate that adjunctive HBO and EGCG/BMP-2 could be beneficial for new bone formation in rat calvarial defects.

• 인문언어
• /
• 제6권
• /
• pp.381-405
• /
• 2004

Elegie und Iambos gehoren zu den altesten Genre der griechischen Lyrik. Erst in diesen Gedichten aus den 7. Jh. v. Chr. beginnt der Dichter als pers nliches Subjekt seine eigenen Erfahrungen auszusprechen, w hrend or im Epos objektiv und leidenschaftslos hinter seinem Stoff zur ckblieb. So behauptet man, dass in den Gedichten der beiden Genre 'das Erwachen der Personlichkeit' (B. Snell) erfolge. Doch dieser pers nliche Charakter der fruhgriechischen Dichtung darf nicht im Sinne der Subjektivit t verstanden werden, wie man sie in der modernen Lyrik findet. Dem subjektiven Gef hl, das in den uns tradierten Fragmenten aus der fr hgriechischen Dichtung zum Ausdruck kommt, kann man n mlich ein gemeinsames Pathos ablesen, das die Elegiker und Iambographen in der Zeit des politischen Umwandels angesichts der conditio humana empfunden batten, das Pathos n mlich, das sich wohl unter dem Begriff amechanie am besten zusammenfassen lasst. In solchen Grenzsituationen, wie Krieg, Ungluck, Altern, sprechen sich die Dichter vollig hilflos aus und beklagen sich uber die menschliche Unwissenheit uber das erh ngte Schicksal. Bezeichnend f r ihre Begegnung mil der Hilflosigkeit des menschlichen Daseins ist jedoch der Realit tssinn, den sie aus ihren Erfahrungen der conditio humara bzw. amechanie gewonnen haben: Sie wollen sich weder durch einen heroischen Gedanken uber den Nachruhm noch durch einen religiosen Glauben an das Jenseits tauschen lassen. Sie wollen vielmehr hic et nunc einen Weg finden, sich mit der amechanie abzufinden. Und dabei werden zwei verschiedene Lebenswege eingeschlagen, der Weg des erotischen Hedonismus (Mimnermos und Semonides) und der des 'sardonischen' Realismus (Archilochos). Damit weisen uns die fruhgriechische Lyrik auf zwei typische Lebensrichtungen hin, die sich spater in der griechischen Ethik einb rgern sollen.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• 제40권6호
• /
• pp.676-686
• /
• 2013

Background To overcome the potential drawbacks of a short half-life and dose-related adverse effects of using active transforming growth factor-beta 1 for cartilage engineering, a cell-mediated latent growth factor activation strategy was developed incorporating latent transforming growth factor-${\beta}$1 (LTGF) into an electrospun poly(L-lactide) scaffold. Methods The electrospun scaffold was surface modified with NH3 plasma and biofunctionalised with LTGF to produce both random and orientated biofunctionalised electrospun scaffolds. Scaffold surface chemical analysis and growth factor bioavailability assays were performed. In vitro biocompatibility and human nasal chondrocyte gene expression with these biofunctionalised electrospun scaffold templates were assessed. In vivo chondrogenic activity and chondrocyte gene expression were evaluated in athymic rats. Results Chemical analysis demonstrated that LTGF anchored to the scaffolds was available for enzymatic, chemical and cell activation. The biofunctionalised scaffolds were non-toxic. Gene expression suggested chondrocyte re-differentiation after 14 days in culture. By 6 weeks, the implanted biofunctionalised scaffolds had induced highly passaged chondrocytes to re-express Col2A1 and produce type II collagen. Conclusions We have demonstrated a proof of concept for cell-mediated activation of anchored growth factors using a novel biofunctionalised scaffold in cartilage engineering. This presents a platform for development of protein delivery systems and for tissue engineering.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제55권1호
• /
• pp.19-25
• /
• 2012

Green tea leaves were fermented for 15 and 30 days with Monascus pilosus which is known to produce functional statins (TMs), and the content of various biochemical constituents such as total polyphenol (TP), total flavonoid (TF), theaflavin, and thearubigin were analyzed and compared with that of non-fermented green tea (GT) and Pu-erh Chinese post-fermented tea (PU). In addition to the electron donating ability (EDA), ferric iron reducing power (FIRP), xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, iron chelating activity (ICA) and hydrogen peroxide contents were also measured and compared with that of GT and PU. Content of TP and TF in the water and ethanol extracts in TMs were lower than those in GT and PU. Theaflavin and thearubigin contents of water and ethanol extracts in TMs were higher than those of GT. And, these components were increased depending on the period of fermentation. While, EDA and FIRP of TMs were lower than those of GT, XO inhibitory activity of TMs was higher than non-fermented tea. While, ICA of TMs was slightly higher than GT and PU, the content of hydrogen peroxide in TMs was markedly lower than GT. This results suggested that the green tea fermented by M. pilosus was valuable for oxidative stress-induced diseases by decreasing hydrogen peroxide, and forming theaflavins and thearubigins with functionality of genus Monascus.

• 생물환경조절학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.95-100
• /
• 2001

본 연구에서는 팽연화왕겨를 이용한 토마토 양액재배시 높은 근권 pH를 적정 수준으로 유지학 위해 공급배양액의 pH를 낮추는 방안과 배지 내에 pH 3.0∼4.0 수준의 sphagnum peatmoss를 혼합하는 두 가지 방법을 시도하였다. 급액 pH를 낮추는 방법은 근권 pH의 경시적 변화가 매우 커서 뿌리에 장해가 있는 것으로 판단되며, 유의성은 없으나 수량이 약간 감소하는 경향을 보였다. Spagnunm peatmoss를 혼합하는 방법은 10%(v/v) 혼합처리에서 안정적인 pH 수준이 생육 전기간에 걸쳐 유지되었으며 수분 특성 개선 등의 부수적인 효과가 있어 유의성 있는 증수 효과를 보여 팽연화왕결르 이용한 양액재배시 높은 근권 pH의 문제는 sphagnum peatmoss를 10%(v/v) 혼합하는 처리로 해결할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.73-78
• /
• 2000

본 연구에서는 유기물 재료로 구득이 쉽고 수량이 풍부하며 재료의 균일성이 좋은 왕겨를 팽연화 하여 양액재배용 배지 재료 사용하기 위해 적합한 조건을 탐색해 보았다. 팽연화 왕겨의 물리성은 CEC 37.0cmol.kg-1, 가비중 0.19g.㎤, -0.1 bar 상태에서 보수력 271.0으로 펄라이트보다 우수하였으나 흡수속도는 펄라이트에 크게 떨어지는 경향이었다. 팽연화 수준이 높아짐에 따라 보수력, 흡수속도 등 수분관련 물성이 좋아지는데 반해 입도가 작아지고 부숙속도가 빨라지는 변화가 있었고 재배중 부숙이 진행됨에 따라 급액 15일 이후부터 pH가 상승되며 15~20일 사이에 NO3 부족이 심화되어 작물에 스테레스를 주는 것으로 판단되었다. ERH a처리에서 당도가 펄라이트에 비해 약 1.0 。Brix정도 높고 수량의 유의성은 없었으므로 틈새간극 8mm, 날높이 3mm에서 생산된 팽연화 왕겨의 물성이 양액재배용 배지 재료로 사용하기에 적정하였다.

• Mycobiology
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.269-276
• /
• 2016

Aspergillus luchuensis is known as an industrially important fungal species used for making fermented foods such as awamori and shochu in Japan, makgeolli and Meju in Korea, and Pu-erh tea in China. Nonetheless, this species has not yet been widely studied regarding mating-type genes. In this study, we examined the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 gene ratio in black koji molds (A. luchuensis, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus tubingensis) and in Aspergillus welwitschiae isolated from Meju, a fermented soybean starting material for traditional soy sauce and soybean paste in Korea. The number of strains with the MAT1-1 locus was 2 of 23 (A. luchuensis), 6 of 13 (A. tubingensis), 21 of 28 (A. niger), and 5 of 10 (A. welwitschiae). Fungal species A. tubingensis and A. welwitschiae showed a 1 : 1 ratio of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 mating-type loci. In contrast, A. luchuensis revealed predominance of MAT1-2 (91.3%) and A. niger of MAT1-1 (75%). We isolated and identified 2 A. luchuensis MAT1-1 strains from Meju, although all strains for making shochu in Japan are of the MAT1-2 type. These strains may be a good resource for breeding of A. luchuensis to be used in the Asian fermented-food industry.

• 법제연구
• /
• 제54호
• /
• pp.39-69
• /
• 2018

신속을 통한 효율성 극대화는 행정법제에서 강구되는데, 그 수단으로써 의제의 방식이 활용된다. 의제는 절차의 생략을 통한 시간의 절약을 목표로 하기에, 탈규제화 및 행정의 간소화의 일환으로 행정법제상으로 적극적으로 확대가 강구되고 있다. 독일의 경우 허가의제(Genehmigungsfiktion)제도가 유럽서비스지침(RL 2006/123/EG)을 계기로 동지침의 전환과정에서 2008.11.12.의 제4차 행정절차법개정을 통해 그들 일반행정법상의 일반적 법제도로 격상되었다. 인허가의 의제를 둘러싼 논의에서 여전히 의견이 모아지지 않는 점에서 그것의 체계적 정립은 시급하다. 특히 독일의 경우 일종의 기간경과적 의제효과의 방식만이 존재하는 데 대해서 우리의 경우 그것에 더해 일종의 동반적 집중효적 의제효과의 방식이 존재함에 따라 의제제도에 대해 정연한 접근이 어렵다. 의제규정이 날로 늘어감에 따라 일반규정을 통해 관련 법제도를 체계적으로 정비할 필요가 있다. 우리의 동반적 집중효적 의제효과의 방식은 법치국가원리의 차원에서 법률유보의 원칙 및 개별수권의 원칙과 충돌한다. 의제제도를 둘러싼 이상의 논의를 숙고하여 하루바삐 독일 행정절차법에 해당하는 행정기본법을 통해 의제에 관한 일반규정을 마련하여야 한다.

• 한국독어학회지:독어학
• /
• 제4집
• /
• pp.61-79
• /
• 2001

Was die Konzeption von Wortbedeutung angeht, so ist festzustellen, $da\ss$ sich in der lexikalischen Semantik Konzeptionen von sprachlicher Wortbedeutung in zwei Hauptauffassungen teilen lassen. D.h. eine komponentielle Bedeutungsauffassung, nach der Wortbedeutungen in einzelne semantische Komponenten zerlegbar sind, $l\"{a}{\ss}t$ sich von einer holistischen Bedeutungskonzeption, die Wortbedeutungen als ganzheitlich und nicht weiter zerlegbar begreift, unterscheiden. Holistische $Ans\"{a}tze$ im allgemeinen Sinn erfassen ein $Ph\"{a}nomen$ ganzheitlich. Bezogen auf sprachwissenschaftliche und psychologische $Ans\"{a}tze$ bedeutet aber 'holistisch' eine nichtkomponentielle Beschreibung. Bestimmt man den Begriff 'holistisch' als die Leugnung klar abgrenzbarer $partikul\"{a}rer$ Einheiten, so $erh\"{a}lt$ 'holistisch' einen spezifischen Sinn in holistischen $Ans\"{a}tzen$. Im Hinblick darauf $k\"{o}nnen$ der kognitionspsychologische Prototypenansatz von Rosch und der philosophische Stereotypenansatz von Putnam bedeutsam werden. Entweder ist damit die Ablehnung einer definitorisch verfahrenden Merkmalsemantik verbunden, oder es werden Merkmale nun lediglich als stereotypisch-definitorische uminterpretiert. Eine ausgeformte Prototypensemantik bzw. Stereotypensemantik gibt es bisher nur als Postulat eines zur definitorisch verfahrenden Merkmalsemantik altemativen Bedeutungskonzepts. Diese holistischen $Ans\"{a}tze$ versuchen sich gerade in der Kontroverse zur Merkmalsemantik zu etablieren, kommen aber selbst nicht ohne das Konzept des Merkmals aus. Sie sind auch nicht auf aile $W\"{o}rter$ unseres Wortschatzes gleich gut anzuwenden, weil es nicht $f\"{u}r$ alle $W\"{o}rter$ Stereotype gibt und die Existenz digital struktuierter Kategorien, die mithilfe von hinreichenden und notwendigen Bedingungen beschrieben werden $k\"{o}nnen$, nicht geleugnet wird. Die holistischen $Ans\"{a}tze$ sind als Versuch zu beurteilen, der $Realit\"{a}t$ in ihrer Komplexitat $m\"{o}lichst$ nahe zu kommen. Doch bleibt das Problem, wie Holismus im Bereich der Sprachbeschreibung $ad\"{a}quat$ wiederzugeben ist. Auch wenn wir $f\"{u}r$ die Annahme der psychologischen $Realit\"{a}t$ eines holistischen Bedeutungsbegriffs $pl\"{a}dieren$, so bestreiten wir damit nicht die $N\"{u}tzlichkeit$ der komponentiellen Bedeutungsanalyse als leicht handhabbare Beschreibungsnotation $f\"{u}r$ die Bedeutung von Wortern mit wohlunterscheidbaren Referenten. In diesem Sinn $k\"{o}nnten$ vielleicht beide methodischen $Ans\"{a}tze\;in\;einer\;komplement\"{a}en$ Sicht integriert werden.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제45권1호
• /
• pp.71-80
• /
• 2017

차는 세계적으로 인기있는 음료로서, 그 종류는 불발효차(녹차), 반발효차(우롱차), 완전발효차(홍차), 후발효차 등으로 구분된다. 후발효차는 차나무(Camellia sinensis)의 잎을 미생물 발효과정을 거쳐 생산된다. 본 연구에서 한국 후발효차(알가차, 단차)와 중국 후발효차(보이차 2종)에 우점하는 미생물 분석을 위해 16S rRNA 유전자를 이용하였다. 후발효차에 우점하는 미생물은 ${\alpha}$-proteobacteria에 속하는 Rhodobacteraceae와 Sphingomonas, ${\gamma}$-proteobacteria에 속하는 Pantoea가 우점하였다. 미생물 군집 cluster 분석결과, 한국 후발효차와 중국 후발효차는 다르게 분류됨을 확인하였다. 또한, 매우 흥미롭게도 한국 후발효차는 미생물이 우점하였고 중국 후발효차는 곰팡이가 우점하는 것으로 분석되었다.