• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.539-548
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• 2015

Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), a major product of cyclooxygenase, binds to four different prostaglandin $E_2$ receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) which are G-protein coupled transmembrane receptors (GPCRs). Although GPCRs including EP receptors have been shown to be associated with their specific G proteins, recent evidences suggest that GPCRs can regulate MAPK signaling via non-G protein coupled pathways including Src. EP2 is differentially expressed in various tissues and the expression of EP2 is induced by extracellular stimuli. We hypothesized that an increased level of EP2 expression may affect MAPK signaling. The overexpression of EP2 in HEK 293 cells resulted in significant increase in intracellular cAMP levels response to treatment with butaprost, a specific EP2 agonist, while overexpression of EP2 alone did not increase intracellular cAMP levels. However, EP2 overexpression in the absence of $PGE_2$ induced an increase in the level of p38 phosphorylation as well as the kinase activity of p38, suggesting that up-regulation of EP2 may promote p38 activation via non-G protein coupled pathway. Inhibition of Src completely blocked EP2-induced p38 phosphorylation and overexpression of Src increased the level of p38 phosphorylation, indicating that Src is upstream kinase for EP2-induced p38 phosphorylation. EP2 overexpression also increased the Src activity and EP2 protein was co-immunoprecipitated with Src. Furthermore, sequential co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that EP2, Src, and ${\beta}$-arrestin can form a complex. Our study found a novel pathway in which EP2 is associated with Src, regulating p38 pathway.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2005

Effects of the commercially available or formulated extruded pellets (EP) and raw fish-based moist pellet (MP) on growth and body composition of flounder Paralichthys olivaceus L. were evaluated on commercial scale for 10 months. Survivals of flounder fed the MP, EP 1 and EP3 were not significantly different from those of fish fed the EP2 or EP5, but significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed the EP4. Weight gain of fish fed the MP was not significantly different from that of fish fed the EP3 and EP5, but significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed the EP1, EP2 or EP4. Improvement in weight gain of flounder fed the high lipid diets (EP1, EP2, EP3) compared to low lipid diet (EP4) in the $55\%$ protein level, and weight gain of fish fed the high lipid diet (MP) compared to low lipid diet (EP5) in the $61\%$ protein level indicated protein-sparing effect of lipid. FER for flounder fed the EP3. which was not significantly different from that for fish fed the EP1 or EP5 was significantly (P<0.05) higher thar. that for fish fed the EP2, EP4 and MP. FER significantly (P<0.05) changed over time. CF of flounder fed the MP was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of fish fed EP1 or EP4. Moisture content of dorsal muscle in flounder fed the EP2 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in fish fed the EP1 or EP4. Crude protein content of dorsal. muscle in flounder fed the EP1, EP4 and EP5 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in fish fed the EP2. How- ever, crude lipid content of dorsal muscle, and moisture, crude protein and crude lipid content of liver in flounder was not significantly different among the diets. In considering performance of flounder, it can be concluded that the use of EP3 and EP5 is more recommendable than the MP, which commonly used in flounder farm.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.173-177
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate extruded pellets (EP) for growth of adult flounder by comparing with raw fish-based moist pellet (MP). Two replicate groups of 150 fish per each tank (initial mean weight 329 g) were fed one of seven EP (EP1, EP2, EP3, EP4, EP5, EP6 and EP7) and a MP for 8 months. Survival of fish fed the MP was not significantly different from that of fish fed the EP1, EP5 and EP7, but significantly higher than that of fish fed the EP2, EP3, EP4 and EP6 (P<0.05). Weight gain of fish fed the MP was significantly lower than that of fish fed the EPI (P<0.05), but not significantly different from that of fish fed EP2, EP3, EP4, EP5, EP6 and EP7. Feed efficiency of fish fed the MP was significantly lower than EP1, EP3, EP4, EP5 and EP6 (P<0.05), but not significantly different from that of fish fed EP2 and EP7 Feed supply (kg/tank) of fish fed the MP was significantly higher than that of fish fed all EP (P<0.05). Condition factor of fish fed the MP was not significantly different from that of fish fed all EP. The contents of moisture, crude protein and lipid in dorsal muscle and whole body was not significantly different among the groups. It is concluded that the dietary formulation used in the EP1, EP3, TP4, EP5 and EP6 can be applied in the practical extruded pellet feeds for adult flounder (329-680g).

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.02a
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• pp.791-798
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• 2009

The goal of this study is leading discussion on emotional design focused on product domain and approaching it through a practical way so that it'll be able to help designers in their real design work when they design products in an emotional way. Discussions on emotions are remaining on abstract levels and only focusing on 5 senses even though the importance of emotions are increased. But much more is needed to apply emotions in the product domain because these are not the proper forms for applications and they only cover limited parts of it. Therefore, in this study we proposed the notion of 'Emotionalized Product' and defined it into a practical level. We extracted 5 useful frameworks of 'Emotionalized Product(EP)' as a results; EP Media, EP Procedure, EP Level, EP Character, and EP Value. Then we clarified EP with these frameworks. After that, we extracted 2 frameworks: Domain Structure, and EP Opportunity, to combine EP with a real product. Finally we proposed the EP Design Process consisted of Inductive and Deductive Process based on previous work. It can be shared by designers as a base of designing system, and it also can be helpful to design products more successfully with an emotional approach.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.287-292
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• 2005

An 8-week of growth feeding trial was conducted to evaluate effects of the experimental extruded pellet (EP), commercial EP and raw fish-based moist pellet (MP) for growing flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Three replicate groups of the fish average weighing 43.5 g were fed four experimental diets (EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4), four commercial diets (EP5, EP6, EP7 and EP8) and MP. Weight gain of fish fed the EP2, EP3 and EP4 was the highest among treatments, but not significantly different to that of fish fed the EPl, EP7 and MP. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the MP were the lowest among treatments, but daily feed intake and daily protein intake of fish fed the MP were the highest among treatments. Moisture, lipid and ash contents of whole body were affected by diets, but protein content was not affected by diets. It is concluded that the dietary formulations used in the EP2, EP3 and EP4 can be applied in the practical exuded pellet feeds for growing flounder of 42-108g size.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2007

Two feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the experimental extruded pellet (EP), commercial EP and raw fish-based moist pellet (MP) on growth of growing flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In experiment 1, two replicate groups of the fish (average body weight of $115{\pm}3.2\;g$) were fed one of five experimental diets (EP1-EP5) and MP in circular concrete tanks (4.6 m $\phi$, 0.6 m depth) for 78 days. In experiment 2, in order to evaluate EP in the commercial scale ($8\;m\;{\times}\;8\;m$), flounder (average body weight of $137{\pm}11.4\;g$) were fed one of five EPs (EP1-EP5) used in experiment 1, commercial EP (EP6) and two MEPs (MEP4 and MEP6) as moist pellet types which were made from EP4 and EP6, respectively, by being sprayed with a mixture of water and additives for 80 days. In experiment 1, weight gain of fish fed the all EPs was not significantly different from that of MP. Feed efficiency of fish fed the EP4 was highest, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the EP4 and EP5 was significantly higher than that of fish fed the MP (P<0.05). Significant differences were observed in the contents of moisture and crude lipid in the muscle, and moisture in the liver of fish (P<0.05). In experiment 2, weight gain of fish fed the EP4 and MEP4 were highest and feed efficiency showed high tendency in EP4, MEP4 and MEP6. Fish fed the MEP6 showed higher weight gain and feed efficiency compared to those of fish fed the EP6, but there was no difference in those of fish fed EP4 and MEP4. Based on the results of this study, dietary formulations used in EPs could be most recommendable applied in the practical extruded pellet feeds for flounder grown from 114 g to 350 g.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.729-738
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of extruded pellets (EP) containing different levels of protein (51%-55%) and lipid (9%-15%) on flesh quality of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) comparing with raw fish-based moist pellet (MP). Two replicate groups of 40 fish per each tank (initial mean weight 106 g) were fed one of three experimental EP (EP1, EP2 and EP3) containing different protein and lipid levels, a commercial EP (EP4) and MP for 16 weeks. Moisture content of fish fed MP was significantly higher than that of fish fed all EP. Significantly higher contents of 16:1n-7, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and lower 18:2n-6 were observed in fish fed EP4 and MP compared with fish fed EP1, EP2, EP3. The 22:6n-3 content was not significantly different among all groups. Taurine content of fish fed MP was significantly higher than that of fish fed all EP. Asparagine content of fish fed EP1 was significantly higher than that of fish fed EP2, EP, EP4 and MP. Significant difference were observed in lysine and serine contents of fish fed experimental diets. In nucleotides and their related compounds, ATP and AMP content was not affected by diets. Significant difference were observed in IMP contents of fish fed experimental diets. Textural properties, no significant difference was observed among the fish groups fed different diets.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.476-480
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of extruded pellets (EP) containing different levels of protein (51%-55%) and lipid (9%-15%) for growth of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) comparing with raw fish-based moist pellet (MP). Two replicate groups of 40 fish per each tank (initial mean weight 106 g) were fed one of three experimental EP (EP1, EP2 and EP3) containing different protein and lipid levels, a commercial EP (EP4) and MP for 16 weeks. Survival was not significantly different among all groups. Final mean weight of fish fed MP was significantly lower than that of fish fed EP1, EP2 and EP4 (P<0.05), but not significantly different from fish fed EP3. Feed efficiency of MP-fed fish was significantly lower than fish fed all EP formulations (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed among the EP groups. Daily feed intake of MP-fed fish was significantly higher than fish fed all EP formulations (P<0.05). Condition factor was not significantly different among all groups. Whole body moisture and crude lipid contents were significantly affected by diet (P<0.05). Growth and feed efficiency of flounder was not affected by EP protein and lipid levels. Dietary formulation used in EP1, EP2 and EP3 can be applied to the practical feeding of flounder.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.231-236
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• 2020

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the quality characteristics (alcohol contents and antioxidant capacities) and sensory characteristics of the Korean traditional rice-based wine, Makgeolli supplemented with 5% and 10% Enteromorpha prolifera (Ep) during an 8-days cold storage at 4℃. The alcohol content in the unsupplemented Makgeolli (control) and Ep Makgeolli gradually increased from day 0 to day 8 (control, 2.05-8.03; 5% Ep, 2.15-9.03; 10% Ep, 3.15-10.07). The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activities was significantly higher in the 10% Ep Makgeolli (75.87%) than 5% Ep Makgeolli (57.34%) and control (21.91%). The ABTS [2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging activities were also significantly higher in the 10% Ep Makgeolli (90.85%) than 5% Ep Makgeolli (75.94%) and control (47.21%). Makgeolli supplemented with 10% Ep had the highest color, smell, taste, and overall acceptance scores. The current study suggest that Makgeolli supplemented with 10% Ep could be potentially developed because of its high antioxidant properties and good consumer acceptance.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.6 no.1_2
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• pp.33-36
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• 2001

This study was carried out to screen 11 peony varieties collected for resistance to northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla. The larval population of Meloidogyne halpa to the Uisongjakyak, Taebaekjakyak, Doseo, EP368, EP512 peony were detected high denisties with individuals of 98-173 per 300 ml soil, but Sabeol, Yongsu, Kimchon, Pl23 peony showed low number of larvar with 21-60. The root rot were lowered in Yongsu, Kimchon peony than Uisongjakyak, Taebaekjakyak, EP368, EP512. It seems to involved with densities of 2nd juvernile population in that rot rate of root was increased as increase of 2nd stage larvae. Two peony, Uisongjakyak, Taebaekjakyak were susceptable to M. hapla with high egg mass formation which showed 49,28 in each root. And Yongsu, Doseo, EP368, EP512 were Mid resistance with 1-15 egg mass of each root. Whereas Sabeol, Kimchon, Pl23, EP337, EP425 were found to be resistant to M, hapla with few egg mass formation of 4-7 each root.