• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.191-200
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• 2015

Purpose: This study evaluated the functional and oncological outcomes of proximal gastrectomy (PG) in comparison with total gastrectomy (TG) for upper-third early gastric cancer (EGC). Materials and Methods: The medical records of upper-third EGC patients who had undergone PG (n=192) or TG (n=157) were reviewed. The PG group was further subdivided into patients who had undergone conventional open PG (cPG; n=157) or modified laparoscopy-assisted PG (mLAPG; n=35). Patients who had undergone mLAPG had a longer portion of their intra-abdominal esophagus preserved than patients who had undergone cPG. Surgical morbidity, recurrence, long-term nutritional status, and the incidence of reflux esophagitis were compared between the groups. Results: The rate of postoperative complications was significantly lower for PG than TG (16.7% vs. 31.2%), but the five-year overall survival rate was comparable between the two groups (99.3% vs. 96.3%). Postoperative levels of hemoglobin and albumin were significantly higher for patients who had undergone PG. However, the incidence of reflux esophagitis was higher for PG than for TG (37.4% vs. 3.7%; P<0.001). mLAPG was related to a lower incidence of reflux esophagitis after PG (P<0.001). Conclusions: Compared to TG, PG showed an advantage in terms of postoperative morbidity and nutrition, and there was a comparable prognosis between the two procedures. Preserving the intra-abdominal esophagus may lower the incidence of reflux esophagitis associated with PG.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.6 s.67
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• pp.920-924
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• 2004

The beneficial effects of green and fermented tea are generally attributed to some antioxidant activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like ability and scavenging activity originated from their phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Content of total flavonoid of green tea $(413.3\;{\mu}g/g)$ was similar to those of fermented tea $(405.7\;{\mu}g/g)$. Content of total phenol of green tea $(46.8\;{\mu}g/g)$ was higher than those of fermented tea $(23.5\;{\mu}g/g)$. Major catechin compounds of hot water extract in green tea was EGCG, including EGC, Gc, catechin and catechol. EGCG was not detected .in fermented tea. SOD-like ability was increased in proportional to added concentration of hot water extract. The scavenging activities of hydroxyl radical at $3000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of green and fermented teas were found up to $60\%$. Hot water extract of green tea was more effective in scavenging activity than that of fermented tea.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.277-281
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• 2004

Early gastric cancer (EGC) is defined as a carcinoma confined to the mucosa or submucosa of the stomach, with or without lymph-node metastasis. Synchronous liver metastasis is 5. $12.8\%$ in advanced gastric cancer, but is very low in EGC. A 64-year-old woman was admitted to St. Vincent's Hospital with a complaint of epigastric pain. Gastrofiberscopic examination showed a polypoid mass on the gastric antrum. Abdominal computed tomography demonstrated an intraluminal polypoid mass in the gastric antrum, but no tumor mass in the liver. A laparotomy revealed a solitary liver metastasis, we performed a distal partial gastrectomy with a group-2 lymph-node dissection and resection of metastatic liver tumor. Histologic examination showed a tubular adenoma with a focal carcinomatous change, Which was confined to the gastric mucosa and to the metastatic adenocarcinoma in the liver. We present a case of early gastric mucosal cancer associated with synchronous liver metastasis, along with a review of the literature.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 2009

After storing green tea powder for three months at three different temperatures (-20, 4, and $20^{\circ}C$) with three different relative humidities (RHs) (23, 69, and 81%), the chemical quality was evaluated with green tea, which was prepared by soaking 1.5 g of the powder into 100 mL of distilled water at $70^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. Total phenolic contents, total flavanol contents, and ascorbic acid contents of green tea powder stored at $4^{\circ}C$ with 23% RH changed from 267.5, 49.4, and 24.2 mg/g to 287.1, 44.9, and 36.9 mg/g, respectively, compared to the powder before storage. EGC and EGCG, the main catechins of green tea, also changed from 16.9 and 27.3 mg/g to 24.3 and 36.5, g/g, respectively, after storage for 3 months at $4^{\circ}C$ with 23% RH. However, when the green tea powder was stored at -20 or $20^{\cric}C$ with higher RH such as 69 and 81%, the chemical compounds were significantly decreased. The results indicate that temperature and RH are important during storage of green tea powder, and low RH and refrigerated condition ($-4^{\cric}C$) are preferable to increase or preserve the chemical compounds of the tea.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.195-200
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• 2003

Purpose: Advancement of computed tomography (CT) hardware and software has allowed thin section scanning and reconstruction of fascinating 2-dimentional (2D) and 3- dimentional (3D) images. Especially, the reconstruction of 3D images of gastrointestinal tract has been used in the detection and diagnosis of pre-malignant and malignant diseases. To compare the efficacy of CT gastrography with conventional upper gastrointenstinal series (UGIs) in gastric cancer patients. Materials and Methods: During Nov. 2002 and Mar. 2003, twenty-seven patients who had gastric cancer received both double contrast upper GI series and CT gastrography prior to radical surgery. Among these patients, nineteen had early gastric cancer (EGC) and 8 had advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Fifteen patients were male and 12 were female. The mean age was 54 yrs (range, $27\∼75$ yrs). The patients were placed on NPO and Stomach was distended with gas in fasting state prior to CT scanning. Double contrast upper GI series were performed as routine manual. CT scan was conducted in all patients using 8 or 16-channel multidetector CT in this study. The collimation and reconstruction for CT scanning were set at 2.5 mm and 1.25 mm, respectively. CT scanning was performed in the supine position. For image processing, CT gastrography, in which raysum and surface rendering images were constructed, virtual and 2D image in coronal and sagittal images were performed. The detectability of gastric cancer was assessed between UGIs and CT gastrography. Results: In AGCs, the detection rate of cancer using CT gastrography and virtual gastroscopy was higher than EGC cases. However, CT gastrography and virtual gastroscopy showed less favorable results than UGIs. Even though only a small number of cases had been studied, we might conclude that CT gastrography and virtual gastroscopy could replace UGIs in the detection of AGC cases. Conclusion: The detection rate used with CT gastrography and Virtual gastroscopy is not better than that of UGIs in early gastric cancer, however, in advanced gastric cancer cases, it is nearly equal to that of UGIs.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.544-549
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• 2004

Major components and antioxidant activity of fermented tea were investigated. Contents of total flavonoid and total phenol showed the highest score in ethanol extract ($481.4\;{\mu}g/g$ and 33.5 g/100g), respectively. Their contents in hot water extract ($405.7\;{\mu}g/g$ and 23.6 g/100g) were lower than those of the others extracts. However, their contents of ethyl acetate extract($495.2\;{\mu}g/g$, 39.5 g/100g) from fermented tea stored for 1 year had the highest amount among all tested samples. Catechins of fermented tea were found to be EGC, GC, catechin, catechol and EGCG. However, they were not detected in hot water extract. Scavenging activities of DPPH free radical of all extracts from fermented tea were increased in proportion to their concentration and were $72.4\%$ for fermented tea and $80.9\%$ for fermented tea stored for 1 year. Reducing power of ethanol extract at $500\;{\mu}g/mL$ were 0.78 as OD value of 700 nm for fermented tea and 0.88 for fermented tea stored for 1 year, respectively. Antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate extracts at $3000\;{\mu}g/mL$ were $86.6\%$ for fermented tea and $73.7\%$ for fermented tea stored for 1 year, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2014

This study was accomplished to investigate the effect of harvest time on the contents of polyphenolic compounds such as epicatechin, catechin, resveratrol and quercetin in grapes (Vitis spp.). The souble solids contents were increased with harvest time delay, while the titratable acidity continuously decreased in all cultivars. Brightness (L) was higher in 'Campbell Early' and 'Shigyoku', Hunter a value was high in 'Shigyoku' which was harvested later. Hunter b value seemed to be different in 'Shigyoku' depending on harvesting time. The contents of EC which was extracted 'Campbell Early, 'Shigyoku' and 'M.B.A' were higher late harvest time than early harvest time, reapectively, In 'Shigyoku which requires the direct light, the contents of EGC and EC showed distinct differences depending on harvesting time. The compositions of epicatechin were different depending on cultivars. The contents of catechin and resveratrol were higher in 'Campbell Early' and 'M.B.A' which were harvested later, but 'Shigyoku' which was harvested earlier. The contents of quercetin was higher in 'Campbell Early' which was harvested earlier, but 'Shigyoku' and 'M.B.A' which were harvested later. In comparison with 'Shigyoku' and 'M.B.A', catechin and resveratrol contents were seen to be higher in 'Campbell Early' irrespective of harvesting time.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.442-453
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• 2020

Purpose: Expanded indications for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in early gastric cancer (EGC) remain controversial due to the potential risk of undertreatment after adequate lymph node dissection (LND). Regional LND (RLND) is a novel technique used for limited lymphadenectomy to avoid gastrectomy. This study established the safety and effectiveness of RNLD as an additional treatment option after ESD for expanded indications. Materials and Methods: A total of 69 patients who met the expanded indications for ESD were prospectively enrolled from 2014 to 2017. The tumors were localized using intraoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) before RLND. All patients underwent RLND first, followed by conventional radical gastrectomy with LND. The locations of the preoperative and intraoperative EGD were compared. Pathologic findings of the primary lesion and the RLND status were analyzed. Results: The concordance rates of tumor location between the preoperative and intraoperative EGD were 79.7%, 76.8%, and 63.8% according to the longitudinal, circumferential, and regional locations, respectively. Of the 4 patients (5.7%) with metastatic LNs, 3 were pathologically classified as beyond the expanded indication for ESD and 1 had a single LN metastasis in the regional lymph node. Conclusions: RLND is a safe additional option for the treatment of EGC in patients meeting expanded indications after ESD.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.355-364
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• 2023

Background: There are no clear guidelines to determine whether to perform D1 or D1+ lymph node dissection in early gastric cancer (EGC). This study aimed to develop a nomogram for estimating the risk of extraperigastric lymph node metastasis (LNM). Materials and Methods: Between 2009 and 2019, a total of 4,482 patients with pathologically confirmed T1 disease at 6 affiliated hospitals were included in this study. The basic clinicopathological characteristics of the positive and negative extraperigastric LNM groups were compared. The possible risk factors were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. Based on these results, a risk prediction model was developed. A nomogram predicting extraperigastric LNM was used for internal validation. Results: Multivariate analyses showed that tumor size (cut-off value 3.0 cm, odds ratio [OR]=1.886, P=0.030), tumor depth (OR=1.853 for tumors with sm2 and sm3 invasion, P=0.010), cross-sectional location (OR=0.490 for tumors located on the greater curvature, P=0.0303), differentiation (OR=0.584 for differentiated tumors, P=0.0070), and lymphovascular invasion (OR=11.125, P<0.001) are possible risk factors for extraperigastric LNM. An equation for estimating the risk of extraperigastric LNM was derived from these risk factors. The equation was internally validated by comparing the actual metastatic rate with the predicted rate, which showed good agreement. Conclusions: A nomogram for estimating the risk of extraperigastric LNM in EGC was successfully developed. Although there are some limitations to applying this model because it was developed based on pathological data, it can be optimally adapted for patients who require curative gastrectomy after endoscopic submucosal dissection.

• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2001

In switched reluctance motor(SRM) deives, the turn-on and turn-off angles of each phase switch should be accurately controlled for accuracy and efficiency. The accuracy of the switching angles is mainly dependent upon the resolution of the encoder and the sampling period of the microprocessor, that are used to provide the information of the rotor position and to implement a control algorithm of the SRM, respectively. Thus, the higher the speed of the SRM is increased, the larger the amount of the switching angle deviations are from preset turn-on and turn-off angles. Consequently, the motor can not be driven stably high speed region. There fore, a simples and low cost encoder suitable for the practical and stable SRM drive is proposed and the control algorithm to provide the switching signals using a simple digital logic circuit is also presented for a wide speed range operation.