• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.222-227
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• 2000

목적: 게이트 Tl-201 관류 SPECT와 Cedars 소프트웨어로 구혈률을 측정하고 게이트 심장 혈액풀 스캔으로 얻은 구혈률과 비교하여 상관과 일치도를 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법: 총 18명을 대상으로 게이트 Tl-201 관류 SPECT와 게이트 심장 혈액풀 스캔을 촬영하였다. 게이트 관류 SPECT를 재구성하고 Cedars 소프트웨어로 구혈률을 측정하였다. 게이트 Tl-201 관류 SPECT와 게이트 심장 혈액풀 스캔으로 얻은 구혈률의 상관을 분석하고 Bland Altman 도표를 그려 일시도를 평가하였다. 결과: 게이트 심장 혈액풀 스캔($43%{\pm}14%$)보다 게이트 Tl-201 관류 SPECT로 측정한 구혈률($40%{\pm}14%$)이 유의하게 작았고(p<0.05), 상관은 좋았다(r=0.94). Bland Altman 도해에서 두 방법의 일치도에 대한 95% 신뢰도를 나타내는 2표준편차에 상당하는 범위는 ${\pm}9.8%$로 작지 않았다. 결론: 게이트 Tl-201 관류 SPECT와 심장 혈액풀 스캔으로 측정한 구혈률의 상관은 좋았으나 일치도에 대한 넓은 오차 범위 때문에 구혈률 측정에 두 검사 방법을 교체하여 사용할 수는 없었다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.112-120
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• 2020

본 연구는 Enterococcus faecalis EF-2001 사균체를 발효유에 첨가하였을 시 나타나는 생리활성을 검증하고자 실시하였다. 발효유는 같은 양의 starter만 넣은 일반발효유 NFM, E. faecalis EF-2001 사균체를 100 ㎍/mL의 농도로 첨가한 EFM1, E. faecalis EF-2001 사균체를 500 ㎍/mL의 농도로 넣은 EFM2를 제조하였다. E. faecalis EF-2001 사균체를 발효유 첨가하였을 때 나타나는 항염증 효과를 검증하기 위해 mouse 유래 대식세포인 RAW 264.7 cell을 이용하였다. RAW 264.7 cell을 이용한 세포독성 실험의 결과, 사균의 농도가 높아질수록 세포 생존율이 유의적으로 감소하였으며(p<0.05), 80% 이상의 세포 생존율을 가지는 농도인 5, 10, 15 ㎍/mL에서 실험을 진행하였다. Nitric oxide의 생성 억제능 측정결과는 LPS 처리군에 비해 발효유에서 NO 생성을 저해하는 경향을 나타냈다. 또한, 일반발효유보다 사균을 첨가한 발효유에서 NO 생성을 더욱 저해하는 결과를 나타내었다. Prostaglandin E₂의 억제율 측정결과도 15 ㎍/mL의 농도에서 PGE₂ 분비량을 감소시킴을 확인하였으며, 일반 발효유보다 사균이 첨가된 발효유에서 더욱 억제됨을 확인하였다. 따라서, 본 연구를 통해 E. faecalis EF-2001 사균체가 발효유에 첨가되어도 염증 매개물질인 NO 및 PGE₂의 생성을 감소시킴으로써 추후 사균체가 첨가된 발효유 제조 및 연구에 대한 기초 연구 결과로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2015

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a constituent of turmeric powder derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has been shown to inhibit the growth of various types of cancer cells by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, a need exists to design more effective analogs because of curcumin's poor intestinal absorption. EF-24 (diphenyl difluoroketone), the monoketone analog of curcumin, has shown good efficacy in anticancer screens. However, the effects of curcumin and EF-24 on salivary gland epidermoid carcinoma cells are not clearly established. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effects of curcumin and EF-24 on cell growth and induction of apoptosis in human salivary gland epidermoid carcinoma cells. Our studies showed that curcumin and EF-24 inhibited the growth of HTB-41 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the potency of EF-24 was > 34-fold that of curcumin. Treatment with curcumin or EF-24 resulted in nuclear condensation and fragmentation in HTB-41 cells, whereas the control HTB-41 cell nuclei retained their normal regular and oval shape. Curcumin and EF-24 promoted proteolytic cleavages of procaspase-3/-7/-9, resulting in an increase in the amount of cleaved caspase-3/-7/-9 in the HTB-41 cells. Caspase-3 and -7 activities were detected in viable HTB-41 cells treated with curcumin or EF-24. These results suggest that the curcumin and EF-24 inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in HTB-41 human salivary gland epidermoid carcinoma cells, and that they may have potential properties as an anti-cancer drug therapy.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.231-237
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• 2016

Eryngium foetidum Linn. leaves (EF) are widely used in Thailand and many countries throughout Asia as a culinary seasoning and a traditional medicine. However, adverse effect of high dose consumption in long duration has not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate chronic toxicity of EF in mice. Thirty-two ICR male mice were divided into 4 groups of 8 mice each. The mice were fed AIN-76 rodent diet, or AIN-76 rodent diet supplemented with ground freeze-dried EF at 0.8%, 1.6% and 3.2% that is equivalent to approximately 35, 73 and 155 times that of human consumption, respectively, at 97.5 percentile for a period of 24 weeks. At the end of experiment, the mice were euthanized and blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical evaluations. Necropsy was performed while visceral organs such as lung, liver, kidneys, spleen etc. were collected, weighed and histopathologically examined. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) results of mice in 1.6% and 3.2% EF diet groups were significantly higher than the BUN of control group. No significant difference was noted in other biochemical and hematological properties between the treatment groups and control; all results were within normal range. Histopathology of almost all visceral organs showed no significant changes. However, tubulonephrosis and chronic interstitial nephritis were observed in the groups treated with 1.6% and 3.2% EF diet. Body weight was reduced significantly at week 12 to week 20 when compared to the control group while relative kidney weights were significantly increased. In conclusion, the consumption of EF in diet at high doses illustrated the adverse effect on some biochemical parameters and histopathology in mice. Our findings suggested that EF daily consumption for 24 weeks, at higher doses than the 0.8% EF diet (35 times of human consumption), might cause adverse effect on kidney function in mice.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.62-81
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• 2017

Objectives: As interests in the beauty of skin is growing continuously, more people are focusing on white and clean skin. Melanin is the major factor that determines skin color. The abnormal concentration of melanin causes various skin diseases such as vitiligo, freckles, and melasma. This study investigated the inhibitory effect of Eriobotryae Folium extracts (EF) with phreatic water (PW) on the melanin synthesis. Methods: The effect of EF on melanin synthesis was evaluated by using mouse melanoma cells (B16F10). To define the mechanisms, real-time PCR and western blot were used. We also evaluated the inhibitory effects of EF and PW on melanin synthesis by using HRM-2 melanin-possessing hairless mice. After UVB irradiation, melanin differences between the skin parts that were treated and untreated with EF and PW. Levels of mRNA were measured by real-time quantitative PCR and histological analysis of the dorsal skin was conducted by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: EF inhibited various mechanisms of melanogenesis, and the effect was increased when combined with PW. In vitro experiments have shown that EF inhibited the expressions of tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) mRNA, tyrosinase mRNA, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) mRNA and the tyrosinase inhibitory activation, but it stimulated the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) mRNA expression. In vivo experiments have shown that EF prevented melanogenesis in the mice dorsal skin and inhibited TRP-1 mRNA expression. Also these effects were increased when combined with PW. Conclusions: EF and PW might be a new and effective treatment for whitening and treating pigmentation of skin.

• 생약학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2011

The effects of herbal ethanol extract from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (GP extract) on chronic stress-induced anxiety in mice were investigated. The animals were treated with GP extracts (50 and 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 21 days before exposure to electric footshock (EF; duration and interval 10 sec for 3 min, 2 mA) for chronic stress once a day. The ambulatory locomotor activity was reduced by chronic EF stress and it was recovered by 12.9-15.1% in GP extract-treated groups. The grip strength was also significantly decreased by chronic EF stress, however, the EF-stressed groups treated with GP extract increased grip strength from 13.9% to 56.8% compared to EF-stressed groups. In addition, the serum levels of corticosterone were significantly elevated by chronic EF stress to 197% of the control levels, which was reduced to 73.1% by treatment with GP extract (100 mg/kg). In contrast, the brain levels of dopamine and serotonin were reduced to 67.6% and 63.1% by chronic EF stress, which was recovered to 90% of the control levels by treatment with GP extract. These results indicate that GP extract shows the ameliorating effects on chronic EF stress-induced anxiety in mice and it can be developed as the promising anti-anxiety agent.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.430-437
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• 2005

목적: 게이트 심근 관류 스펙트 결과의 정량적 평가를 위해 여러 프로그램들이 사용되고 있다. 하지만 프로그램별로 각각의 정상 범위의 설정 없이 외국의 자료만을 토대로 프로그램의 구분 없이 일률적으로 판독에 적용하고 있다. 이에 심혈관 질환의 가능성이 낮은 환자를 대상으로 본원에서 일반적으로 사용하고 있는 QGS와 4DM의 심기능 지표(EDV, ESV, EF)에 대한 정상 값을 구하였고, 두 프로그램간의 결과 치에 대한 상관관계도 조사하였다. 대상 및 방법: Pryor 등에 의해 만들어진 평가표에 근거하여 심혈관 질환의 가능성이 10% 미만인 남녀 77명을 대상으로 아데노신 부하법을 이용한 Tc-99m MIBI 게이트 심근 관류 스펙트를 실시하였다. EDV, ESV, EF의 결과 분석은 QGS와 4DM을 이용하였으며, 좌심실의 경계는 자동으로 설정하도록 하였다. 결과: QGS에서 부하기 좌심실의 평균 EDV, ESV, EF는 각각 $78.2{\pm}25.2ml,\;27.4{\pm}12.9ml,\;66.6{\pm}8.0%$ 이었고 휴식기의 결과치와 통계학적으로 큰 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 4DM에서 부하기 좌심실의 평균 EDV, ESV, EF는 각각 $89.1{\pm}26.4ml,\;29.1{\pm}12.8ml,\;68.5{\pm}6.7%$ 이었다. 대체적으로 QGS와 마찬가지로 휴식기의 결과치와 큰 차이는 없었으나 EF의 경우에서 부하기와 휴식기에 통계학적인 차이가 있었고 (p<0.05) 휴식기의 EF가 약간 큰 값을 보였다(부하기 $68.5{\pm}6.7%$ vs 휴식기 $70.9{\pm}8.0%$). 두 프로그램에서 EDV, ESV, EF의 결과 값의 상관관계는 부하기에서 각각 0.95, 0.93, 0.71이었고 휴식기에서 각각 0.95, 0.90, 0.69으로 대체적으로 좋았으나 Bland-Altman분석에서 두 프로그램의 일치의 한계 값의 범위가 비교적 컸음을 볼 수 있었다. 결론: 이번 연구를 통하여 심혈관 질환의 가능성이 낮은 환자에서 QGS와 4DM 프로그램 각각의 EDV, ESV, EF의 정상 값을 구하였다. 두 프로그램의 상관관계는 높지만 두 프로그램의 결과 값을 혼용하여 사용할 수는 없을 것이다. 이를 이용하여 앞으로 판독에 유의한 참고 자료로써 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.117-137
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• 2006

Environment-friendly(EF) agricultural policy developed to support high-quality farm products, such as organic farm products, doing so for the sake of strengthening the competitive power of Korean agriculture after the agreement of UR. The details of the policy are as follows : enforcing certification of organic farm products, establishing of the Law of Fostering the EF agriculture, carrying out the order of direct-payment, setting up the Five Year Plan for EF agriculture, etc. This study focuses on the background of social economy, the standpoint of EF farming in agricultural policy, and the analysis of the characteristics in EF agriculture. Three aspects in the background of the policy are as follows : the social movement, the social economy, and the social system. The standpoint and characteristics of the policy are studied by the analysis of the target and means of the policy which is based on the policy documents.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2001년도 발생공학 국제심포지움 및 학술대회 발표자료집
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• pp.3-4
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• 2001

Normal cells proliferate generally a limited number doublings in culture and only rarely have they been shown to overcome cellular senescence and crisis stages, and immortalize spontaneously. I have established a number of non-chemically and non-chemically immortalized embryo fibroblastic (EF) cell lines in continuous cell culture. These include the spontaneously immortalized cell line, DF-1 and several immortal EF cell lines derived from various embryonic tissues. I have previously demonstrated that all of the immortal EF cells established have rapid cell proliferation capacity compared to primary EF cells, presumably due to the deregulation of cell cycle regulators such as p53, E2F-1 and the numerous cyclins. DF-1 cells, in particular, were shown to proliferate more rapidly under normal culture conditions compared to other immortal EF cells, implicating other mechanisms may be important for regulating their growth. The possible mechanism(s) underlying the accelerated growth of DF-1 cells will be addressed in this study. (omitted)

• PNF and Movement
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether age, body mass index(BMI) and exercise frequency(EF) are correlated with knee joint position sense in healthy women. Methods : Healthy women of 150 who participated in this study were tested knee joint position sense; each reposition error was analyzed according to the age, BMI and EF. Reposition error was measured with a Myrin goniometer. Results : The age groups, BMI groups and EF groups demonstrated significant differences of the knee joint position sense. The older the healthy women are, the higher BMI is, and the lower EF is, the more decreased knee joint position sense has become. Conclusion : The older the women are, the higher BMI is, and the lower EF is, the more decreased the knee joint position sense in healthy women is. Therefore it needs to be considered to require management of obesity and regular exercise for prevention of knee injuries due to decreased joint position sense.