• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권sup1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2022

Research articles were reviewed to validate the estimated energy requirements (EERs) equations developed by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (IOM). These equations are based on total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. We subsequently aimed to provide the basis for the suitability to apply the IOM equations as EER equations for Koreans, and develop relevant equations for EER in the Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans (KDRI). Additionally, besides the EER(IOM) equations, other equations were examined for EER estimation. Research papers demonstrating the validation of the EER(IOM) equations based on TEE(DLW) were searched through PubMed (up to September 2019). Of the 637 potentially relevant articles identified, duplicates and unsuitable titles and abstracts were excluded. Furthermore, papers with irrelevant subject and inappropriate study design were also excluded. Finally, 11 papers were included in the review. Among the reviewed papers, 8 papers validated the application of the EER(IOM) equations for EER based on TEE(DLW). These included 3 studies for children (USA 1, Korea 2), 1 for adolescents (Portugal), 2 for adults (Korean), and 2 for the elderly (Korea, USA). EER(IOM) equations were found to be generally acceptable for determining EER by using the DLW method, except for Korean boys at 9-11 yrs (overestimated) and female athletes at 19-24 yrs (underestimated). Additionally, 5 papers include the validation of other EER equations, beside EER(IOM) for EER based on TEE(DLW). In Japanese dietary reference intake and recommended dietary allowance, EER equations are acceptable for determining EER based on TEE(DLW). The EER(IOM) equations is generally acceptable for determining EER using the DLW method in Koreans as well as several populations, although certain defined groups were found to be unfit for the estimation. Additionally, the concept of healthy body mass index of Koreans and physical activity levels need to be considered, thereby providing the basis for developing relevant equations of EER in KDRI.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.4776-4794
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• 2020

We propose a rapid adaptive learning framework for streaming object detection, called EER-ASSL. The method combines the expected error reduction (EER) dependent rollback learning and the active semi-supervised learning (ASSL) for a rapid adaptive CNN detector. Most CNN object detectors are built on the assumption of static data distribution. However, images are often noisy and biased, and the data distribution is imbalanced in a real world environment. The proposed method consists of collaborative sampling and EER-ASSL. The EER-ASSL utilizes the active learning (AL) and rollback based semi-supervised learning (SSL). The AL allows us to select more informative and representative samples measuring uncertainty and diversity. The SSL divides the selected streaming image samples into the bins and each bin repeatedly transfers the discriminative knowledge of the EER and CNN models to the next bin until convergence and incorporation with the EER rollback learning algorithm is achieved. The EER models provide a rapid short-term myopic adaptation and the CNN models an incremental long-term performance improvement. EER-ASSL can overcome noisy and biased labels in varying data distribution. Extensive experiments shows that EER-ASSL obtained 70.9 mAP compared to state-of-the-art technology such as Faster RCNN, SSD300, and YOLOv2.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 class-F 전력 증폭기의 높은 선형성과 고효율을 얻기 위해 PBG구조와 EER (Envelope Elimination and Restoration) 구조를 적용하였다. class-F급 전력 증폭기의 효율을 개선시키기 위해 EER 구조의 포락선 검파기를 응용하여 전력 증폭기의 구동 전력을 조절하였다. 또한 PBG 구조를 class-F 전력증폭기의 출력단에 적용함으로써 정합회로의 비정합에 의한 고조파 성분들을 제거하여 높은 선형성을 얻었다. 본 논문에서 제안한 PBG 구조의 응용과 EER 구조를 응용한 전력 증폭기 구조는 적응형 바이어스를 이용한 Doherty 전력 증폭기에 비해 PAE가 34.56% 개선되었고 일반적인 Doherty 증폭기에 비해 $3^{rd}$ IMD가 -10.66 dBc 이상 개선되었다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.80-85
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 EER(Envelope Elimination and Restoration)구조를 응용하여 전력 증폭기의 효율을 극대화 하였으며, EER 구조의 취약점인 선형성을 메타구조를 이용하여 개선하였다. 고효율을 얻기 위해 class-F급 전력 증폭기를 설계하였으며 포락선 검파기를 이용하여 전력 증폭기의 구동 전력을 조절하였다. 또한, 정합 회로의 비정합에 의한 고조파 성분들을 대역통과 필터의 특성을 갖는 CRLH 메타구조를 이용하여 제거함으로써 높은 선형성을 얻었다. 본 논문에서 제안한 EER 구조를 응용한 전력 증폭기 구조는 일반 전력 증폭기에 비해 PAE(Power Added Efficiency)가 5.93 % 개선되었고, 3차 IMD가 12.83 dB 이상 개선되었다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.584-590
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 EER(Envelope Elimination and Restoration) 구조를 응용하여 전력 증폭기의 효율을 극대화 하였으며, EER구조의 취약점인 선형성을 PBG 구조를 이용하여 개선하였다. 고효율을 얻기 위해 class-F급 전력 증폭기를 설계하였으며 포락선 검파기를 이용하여 전력 증폭기의 구동 전력을 조절하였다. 또한, 정합 회로의 비정합에 의한 고조파 성분들을 PBG 구조를 이용하여 제거함으로써 높은 선형성을 얻었다. 본 논문에서 제안한 EER 구조를 응용한 전력 증폭기 구조는 적응형 바이어스를 이용한 Doherty 전력 증폭기에 비해 PAE(Power Added Efficiency)가 34.64% 개선되었고, 일반적인 Doherty 증폭기에 비해 3차 IMD가 6.65 dB 이상 개선되었다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.542-548
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• 1999

Instead of testing split air conditioners, an empirically based calculation procedure may be used to estimate the Energy Efficiency Ratio at ARI A test conditions. Typically, the system involving the indoor unit well sold and the given outdoor unit is called the matched system. All other systems involving a given outdoor unit and other indoor units are called the mixed systems. To estimate the EER(A) for the mixed systems, EER(A) for the matched system must be known, Generally, the EER(A) for the matched system is known. This procedure relies on independent measurements and calculations made on an outdoor unit in conjunction with a matched indoor and a mixed indoor coil. A heat pump simulation model was used to quantify the effects of individual system components on the system performance. The procedure is applicable to all air-conditioning units having rated cooling capacities less than 19,000W and charged with refrigerant 22.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2022

Compressor efficiency must be improved to reduce refrigerator power consumption. In this study, the heat dissipation rate through the compressor housing is increased via gap flow passages between the compressor body and housing. Four types of gap flow passages are considered for achieving the maximum heat-dissipation rate. In addition, thermal analysis is performed to examine the effect of increased heat dissipation rate on the energy efficiency ratio (EER). The results show that the heat dissipation rate, compressor superheat, and compressor EER increased by up to approximately 52%, 3 ℃, and approximately 1%, respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.511-521
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• 2012

The purposes of this study were to assess the physical activity level (PAL) and the total daily energy expenditure (TEE) as well as to evaluate the validity of prediction equation for the estimated energy requirement (EER) in normal weight and overweight or obese children and adolescents. The subjects comprised of 100 healthy Korean students aged between 7-18. The anthropometric data was collected. PAL was calculated from the physical activity diary by the 24-hour recall method, and the resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by an open-circuit indirect calorimetry using a ventilated hood system. Daily energy expenditure was PAL multiplied by RMR. EER was calculated by using the prediction equation published in KDRIs. There was no significant difference in the means of age and height between the 46 obese subjects and 54 nonobese subjects. The weight and BMI of the obese group (60.2 kg, $25.3kg/m^2$) were significantly higher than those of the nonobese group (42.4 kg, $18.4kg/m^2$). However, PAL was not significantly different between the two groups (nonobese 1.45, obese 1.46). TEE of the obese group (2,212 kcal/day) was significantly higher than that of the nonobese group (1,774 kcal/day). EER (individual PA) and EER (light PA) were significantly higher than TEE (p < 0,001); however, EER (sedentary PA) was not significantly different with TEE in the two groups. These results showed that the levels of physical activity were the same as the sedentary activity both in the nonobese and obese Korean students; moreover, the predictive equation for EER published in KDRI overestimated the TEE of Korean children and adolescents. Therefore, in further research, a new predictive equation for EER should be developed for Korean children and adolescents through the doubly labeled water method.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 하위단어에 기반한 전화선 채널에서의 어구 종속 화자 확인 시스템을 위한 음성 분할 알고리즘인, 파라미트릭 필터링에 기반한 델타 에너지를 제안한다. 제안한 알고리즘은 특정 밴드의 주파수를 기준으로 대역폭을 변화시키며 필터링한 후 델타 에너지를 이용하는 방법으로 다른 알고리즘에 비해 주변환경에 강인한 것으로 나타났다. 이를 이용해 음성을 하위단어로 분할하고, 각 하위단어를 이용해 화자의 성문을 모델링하였다. 제안한 알고리즘의 성능 평가를 위해 EER(Equal Error Rate)를 사용한다. 그 결과 단일 모델의 EER이 약 6.1%, 하위 단어 모델의 EER이 약 4.0%로 본 논문에서 제안한 알고리즘을 사용했을 때 약 2%의 성능이 향상되었다.

• 한국전자거래학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2007

시맨틱 웹을 가능하게 해주는 핵심 기술은 온톨로지이다. 표준 언어로 자리잡은 OWL 웹 온톨로지 언어로 도메인을 직접 표현하기 위해서는 전문적인 기술이 요구된다. 따라서, 전자카탈로그 도메인 컨셉의 기초적인 관계들을 분석한 경험을 바탕으로 하여, 상품 도메인을 위한 OWL 코드를 자동적으로 생성해내는 시각적 상품정보 모델링 에디터인 PROMOD를 개발하였다. 특히, 개념모델링을 위해 상품 도메인에 특화된 모델링 요소들이 추가된 EER을 사용하였다. 본 논문에서는 EER 모델에서 OWL 코드로의 변환 방법과 PROMOD의 설계 및 구현을 보인다. 또한, 필드에서 이 모델링 에디터의 유용성을 시현하기 위한 시나리오를 제공한다.