• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.423-434
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• 2018

Purpose: To investigate factors that affect behaviors of reducing exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in breastfeeding mothers. Methods: Subjects were 166 breastfeeding mothers who were recruited from January 25 to April 15, 2018. The questionnaire consisted of items associated with behaviors of reducing exposure to EDCs, attitude to behaviors of reducing exposure, subject norms of behavior of reducing exposure, and perceived behavior control. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlations, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Factors influencing behaviors of reducing the exposure to EDCs were attitude toward behaviors of reducing exposure, perceived barrier, and period of lactation. The more positive the attitude toward behaviors of reducing exposure was, the lower the perceived barrier. The longer the feeding period, the higher the behaviors of reducing the exposure to EDCs. Conclusions: To enhance behaviors of reducing the exposure to EDCs, it is necessary to develop a positive educational program in breastfeeding department to improve attitude toward behaviors of reducing the exposure to EDCs, decrease perceived barrier, and increase the breastfeeding period.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.193-198
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• 2023

Several chemicals have been developed owing to the progression of industrialization, among which endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs; essential for plastic production) are used as plasticizers and flame retardants. Plastics have become an essential element in modern life because they provide convenience, thus increasing EDCs exposure to humans. EDCs cause adverse effects such as deterioration of reproductive function, cancer, and neurological abnormalities by disrupting the endocrine system and hence are classified as "dangerous substances." Additionally, they are toxic to various organs but continue to be used. Therefore, it is necessary to review the contamination status of EDCs, select potentially hazardous substances for management, and monitor the safety standards. In addition, it is necessary to discover substances that can protect against EDC toxicity and conduct active research on the protective effects of these substances. According to recent research, Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) exhibits protective effects against several toxicities caused by EDCs to humans. In this review, the effects of EDCs on the human body and the role of KRG in protection against EDC toxicity are discussed.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.235-248
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• 2014

The widespread occurrence of dissolved endocrine disrupting compounds(EDCs) and pharmaceutical active compounds(PhACs) in water sources is of concern due to their adverse effects. To remove these chemicals, adsorption of EDCs/PhACs on granular activated carbon(GAC) was investigated, and bisphenol A, carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and sulfamethoxazole were selected as commonly occurring EDCs/PhACs in the aquatic environment. Various adsorption isotherms were applied to evaluate compatability with each adsorption in the condition of single-solute. Removal difference between individual and competitive adsorption were investigated from the physicochemical properties of each adsorbate. Hydrophobicity interaction was the main adsorption mechanism in the single-solute adsorption with order of maximum adsorption capacity as bisphenol A > carbamazepine > sulfamethoxazole > diclofenac > ibuprofen, while both hydrophobicity and molecular size play significant roles in competitive adsorption. Adsorption kinetic was also controled by hydrophobicity of each adsorbate resulting in higher hydrophobicity allowed faster adsorption on available adsorption site on GAC. EDCs/PhACs adsorption on GAC was determined as an endothermic reaction resulting in better adsorption at higher temperature ($40^{\circ}C$) than lower temperature ($10^{\circ}C$).

• 멤브레인
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.297-309
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• 2005

다수의 잠재적인 내분비계장애물질이 환경에 방출됨으로써 새로운 환경문제로 세계적 관심이 모아지고 있다. 이러한 물질들을 측정하고 감시하기 위한 고감도이며 신뢰성 있는 분석방법의 개발이 필수적이다. 이 연구에서는 기체크 로마토그래피 질량분석법과 액체크로마토그래피 질량분석법이 내분비계장애물질들의 분석을 위해 이용되었으며 두 가지 분석방법들이 DEHP, BBP, PCP, BPA에 대해 비교 및 평가되었다 그 결과 액체크로마토그래피 질량분석법이 더 낮은 검출 한계를 나타내는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 액체크로마토그래피 질량분석법은 대부분의 순수한 분자들로서 내분비계장애물질들을 측정 가능함이 판명되었다. 이 연구에서는 음용수에서 내분비계장애물질들을 제거하는 방법으로 유기막과 세라믹막을 제시하였으며 십자류 나노여과 방식이 내분비계장애물질들을 $100\%$ 제거하는 것으로 조사되었고 분획분자량 250 나노여과는 내분비계장애물질을 제거함에 있어 효과적인 것으로 판명되었다. 나노여과, 고속한외여과, 저속한외여과의 투과플럭스와 물질전달계수와의 비는 0.67, 3.4, 그리고 0.44였으며 나노여과와 저속한외여과는 확산이 주요한 조건에서 운전되며 고속한외여과는 대류가 주요한 조건에서 운전된다. 더욱이, 확산이 주요한 나노여과와 저속한외여과에서 내분비계장애물질의 제거율이 높은 것으로 측정되었다. 한외여과에 의한 제거는 내분비계장애물질들의 분자량에 의존하는 것으로 조사되었으며 내분비계장애물질들은 확산이 주요한 수리동역학적 조건에서 제거됨이 판명되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1390-1393
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• 2007

In this study, three of the representative EDCs, $17{\beta}$-estradiol, bisphenol A, and styrene, were employed to find their mode of toxic actions in E. coli. To accomplish this, four different stress response genes, recA, katG, fabA, and grpE genes, were used as a representative for DNA, oxidative, membrane, or protein damage, respectively. The expression levels of these four genes were quantified using a real-time RT-PCR after challenge with three different EDCs individually. Bisphenol A and styrene caused high-level expression of recA and katG genes, respectively, whereas $17{\beta}$-estradiol made no significant changes in expression of any of those genes. These results lead to the classification of the mode of toxic actions of EDCs on E. coli.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.349-357
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• 2007

Reports of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs), and personal care products (PCPs) have raised substantial concern in important potable drinking water quality issues. Our study investigates the removal of EDCs, PhACs, and PCPs of 10 compounds having different physico-chemical properties (e.g., molecular weight, and octanol-water partition coefficient ($K_{OW}$)) by nanofiltration (NF) membranes. The rejection of micropollutants by NF membranes ranged from 93.9% to 99.9% depending on solute characteristics. A batch adsorption experiments indicated that adsorption is an important mechanism for transport/removal of relatively hydrophobic compounds, and is related to the octanol-water partition coefficient values. The transport phenomenon associated with adsorption may also depend on solution water chemistry such as pH and ionic strength influencing the pKa value of compounds. In addition, it was visually seen that the retention was somewhat higher for the larger compounds based on their molecular weight. These results suggest that the NF membrane retains many organic compounds due to both hydrophobic adsorption and size exclusion mechanisms.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2010

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been shown to interfere with physiological systems, i.e., adversely affecting hormone balance (endocrine system), or disrupting normal function, in the female and male reproductive organs. Although endocrine disruption is a global concern for human health, its impact and significance and the screening strategy for detecting these synthetic or man-made chemicals are not clearly understood in female and male reproductive functions. Thus, in this review, we summarize the interference of environmental EDCs on reproductive development and function, and toxicological mechanism(s) of EDCs in in vitro and in vivo models of male and female reproductive system. In addition, this review highlights the effect of exposure to multiple EDCs on reproductive functions, and brings attention to their toxicological mechanism(s) through estrogen receptors.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.70-77
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• 2022

현대사회에서 내분비계 교란물질(Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals)은 다양한 질환을 유발하는 원인 물질로 잘 알려져 있다. 내분비계 교란물질은 플라스틱병 및 용기, 세제, 금속 식품 캔 라이너, 난연제, 식품, 장난감, 화장품 및 살충제를 비롯한 많은 상업용 제품에서 발견된다. 내분비계 교란물질은 호르몬의 작용을 모방하여 인체 내 뇌하수체, 갑상샘, 부신, 난소 등을 포함한 내분비계를 교란해 생식 기능의 저하, 저티록신 혈증 및 암까지 유발할 수 있는 물질로 사료되고 있다. 최근, 신경과학 분야에서 내분비계 교란물질과 신경 질환과의 연관성에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있으며, 내분비계 교란물질은 신경세포의 증식, 발달, 분화에 부정적인 영향을 미쳐 자폐증, 주의력 결핍 장애를 포함한 신경 발달장애질환과 파킨슨병, 알츠하이머병과 같은 퇴행성 뇌질환을 유발한다는 연구결과가 발표되었다. 하지만 전 세계적으로 내분비계 교란물질은 인간 생활에 편리함을 제공한다는 이유로 계속 사용되고 있다. 이에 각국의 정부에서는 내분비계 교란물질의 노출을 최소화하기 위한 적절한 규제 및 정책 수립이 필요하며, 내분비계 교란물질이 인체에 미치는 정확한 기전 이해가 절실히 필요한 실정이다. 특히, 내분비계 교란물질이 신경계에 미치는 영향에 대한 정확한 기전 연구가 필요하며 전 세계적으로 이들 연구가 활발히 이루어져야 한다고 사료된다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.775-780
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• 2009

폐수 방류수 중에 포함될 수 있는 내분비계 장애물질의 제거를 위해 생물학적 영양소 제거 공정에 존재하는 질산화 슬러지의 효용성을 탐색하여 보았다. 질산화 슬러지에 포함된 암모니아 산화균은 ammonia monooxygenase(AMO) 활성에 의해 암모니아 산화를 유발하는데, AMO의 기질 특이성이 낮아 암모니아 산화와 동시에 다양한 화합물이 공산화된다고 알려져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 공산화 활성이 내분비계 장애물질의 제거에 효과적인지 판단하기 위해, 질산화 슬러지, 유기물산화 슬러지, 멸균 슬러지를 각각 이용하여 3가지의 모델물질(bisphenol A(BPA), nonylphenol(NP), dibutyl phthalate(DBP))에 대한 제거 효율을 비교하였다. 질산화 슬러지에 의한 분해에서는 3가지 모델물질 모두, 배지 중에 질소원으로 아질산염보다 암모늄염을 이용했을 때의 초기 분해속도가 빠르게 나타나서 암모니아 산화 활성과 모델 물질의 분해가 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 아질산염을 공급한 질산화슬러지에서나 혹은 질산화 활성이 낮은 유기물산화 슬러지를 이용한 경우는 일정한 적응 시간이 지난 이후에 모델 물질들의 분해가 시작되었다. 이는 모델 물질을 탄소원으로 이용하는 균주의 성장 및 활성이 일정한 적응 시간 이후에 나타난 것으로 보인다. 모델 물질의 제거에 슬러지에 의한 물리적 흡착이 어느 정도 기여하는지 확인하기 위해서 멸균 슬러지를 이용한 흡착 제거를 시도하였다. 초기 투입량의 10~20% 내외가 흡착에 의해 상등액에서 제거되었는데, 이를 통해 폐수 슬러지를 이용한 BPA, NP, DBP의 제거에는 물리적 흡착보다는 생물학적 분해 기작이 더 중요한 것으로 보인다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.587-608
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• 2009

Modern earthquake-resistant design aims to isolate architectural precast concrete panels from the structural system so as to reduce the interaction with the supporting structure and hence minimize damage. The present study seeks to maximize the cladding-structure interaction by developing an energy-dissipating cladding system (EDCS) that is capable of functioning both as a structural brace, as well as a source of energy dissipation. The EDCS is designed to provide added stiffness and damping to buildings with steel moment resisting frames with the goal of favorably modifying the building response to earthquake-induced forces without demanding any inelastic action and ductility from the basic lateral force resisting system. Because many modern building facades typically have continuous and large openings on top of the precast cladding panels at each floor level for window system, the present study focuses on spandrel type precast concrete cladding panel. The preliminary design of the EDCS was based on existing guidelines and research data on architectural precast concrete cladding and supplemental energy dissipation devices. For the component-level study, the preliminary design was validated and further refined based on the results of nonlinear finite element analyses. The stiffness and strength characteristics of the EDCS were established from a series of nonlinear finite element analyses and are discussed in detail in this paper.