• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.202-202
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 분포형 강우-유출 모형인 GRM(Grid based Rainfall-runoff Model)(최윤석, 김경탁, 2017)을 이용해서 낙동강 유역을 대상으로 대유역 홍수해석시스템을 구축하고, 유출해석을 위한 실행시간을 평가하였다. 유출모형은 낙동강의 주요 지류와 본류를 소유역으로 구분하여 모형을 구축하고, 각 소유역의 유출해석 결과를 실시간으로 연계할 수 있도록 하여 낙동강 전체 유역의 유출모형을 구축하였다. 이와 같이 하나의 대유역을 다수의 소유역시스템으로 분할하여 모형을 구축할 경우, 유출해석시스템 구성이 복잡해지는 단점이 있으나, 소유역별로 각기 다른 자료를 이용하여 다양한 해상도로 유출해석을 할 수 있으므로, 소유역별 특성에 맞는 유출모형 구축이 가능한 장점이 있다. 또한 각 소유역시스템은 별도의 프로세스로 계산이 진행되므로, 대유역을 고해상도로 해석하는 경우에도 계산시간을 단축할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 낙동강 유역을 20개(본류 구간 3개, 1차 지류 13개, 댐상류 4개)의 소유역으로 분할하여 계산 시간을 검토하였으며, 최종적으로 21개(본류 구간 3개, 1차 지류 13개, 댐상류 5개)의 소유역으로 분할하여 유출해석시스템을 구축하였다. 댐 상류 유역은 댐하류와 유량전달이 없이 독립적으로 모의되고, 댐과 연결된 하류 유역은 관측 방류량을 상류단 하천의 경계조건으로 적용한다. 지류 유역은 본류 구간과 연결되고, 지류의 계산 유량은 본류와의 연결지점에 유량조건으로 실시간으로 입력된다. 이때 본류와 지류의 유량 연계는 데이터베이스를 매개로 하였다. 유출해석시스템의 성능을 평가하기 위해서 Microsoft 클라우드 서비스인 Azure를 이용하였다. 낙동강 유역을 20개 소유역으로 구성한 경우에서의 유출해석시스템의 속도 평가 결과 Azure virtual machine instance DS15 v2(OS : Windows Server 2012 R2, CPU : 2.4 GHz Intel $Xeon^{(R)}$ E5-2673 v3 20 cores)에서 1.5분이 소요 되었다. 계산시간 평가시 GRM은 'IsParallel=false' 옵션을 적용하였으며, 모의 기간은 24시간을 기준으로 하였다. 연구결과 분포형 모형을 이용한 대유역 유출해석시스템 구축이 가능했으며, 계산시간도 충분히 단축할 수 있었다. 또한 추가적인 CPU와 병렬계산을 적용할 경우, 계산시간은 더 단축될 수 있으며, 이러한 기법들은 분포형 모형을 이용한 대유역 유출해석시스템 구축시 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.14 no.1_spc
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• pp.427-468
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• 2008

This article examines the role and influence of educational achievement on Korean society and its future. Four major factors that associated with and influence educational achievement in Korea (i.e., trust, efficacy beliefs, quality of life, and societal transformation) are reviewed. First, the role of educational achievement on establishing a basis for trust in Korean society is examined. By reviewing studies of perception of Korean society, people and institutions, the importance of establishing trust in Korean society is outlined. Second, the role of efficacy belief in promoting educational achievement is examined. The importance of collective efficacy, at the adolescent, adult and political levels is emphasized. In addition, the concept and application of self-efficacy for teachers and parents is reviewed. Third, the role and influence of educational achievement on quality of life is outlined. Studies indicate that educational achievement plays an important role in improving the quality of life. The pressure to achieve, however, can have negative impact on stress and mental health and support systems need to be developed to alleviate their impact. Fourth, the future and prospects for Korean society through educational achievement is discussed. Through education, the importance of bridging the divide with North Korea is an important agenda for the future of Korean society. Finally, the importance of indigenous psychological perspective in understanding Korean society and providing direction for the future is discussed.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 2011

The chicken monoclonal antibody (mAb), 13C8, reacts with sporozoite antigens of Eimeria spp. which causes avian coccidiosis. Since this mAb was produced at low amount due to genetic instability of chicken hybridoma, a recombinant 13C8 single-chain Fv (ScFv) antibody was constructed by amplification of the variable domain of heavy (VH) and light chain (VL) genes of antibody derived from chicken hybridoma. The constructed 13C8 ScFv was successfully expressed in E. coli and purified as a soluble form. In ELISA analysis, this recombinant 13C8 ScFv antibody showed antigen binding activity as the original mAb. In addition, nucleotide sequence comparison of 13C8 gene to the germline chicken VL and VH genes suggested that the gene conversion with $V{\lambda}$ and VH pseudogenes might contribute to the diversification of VL and VH genes in chickens.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.77-77
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• 2017

The sensitivities to photoperiod and temperature give guidance to choose an adaptable genotype for specific area in soybean production. However, there is insufficient information about the variation of sensitivities to photoperiod and temperature with wide genetic background. We investigated the sensitivities to photoperiod and temperature using 82 soybean mini core collection lines provided by NIAS gene bank of Japan. The seeds were sown on 28 May and 4 August in 2015, 24 May and 5 August in 2016 at field in Saga, Japan ($33^{\circ}$ 14' 32'' N, $130^{\circ}$ 17' 28'' E) for the early (average photoperiod and temperature: 15.2 h and $25.1^{\circ}C$) and late (13.6 h and $27.2^{\circ}C$) sowing respectively. The plants were also grown in the growth chamber under 12 h photoperiod with three temperature regimes (day/night temperature: $25/18^{\circ}C$, $28/22^{\circ}C$ and $33/28^{\circ}C$). Emergence date, days to first flower were recorded with 10 plants in the field and 2 plants in the growth chamber for each line. The data for daily average temperatures and photoperiodic hours were collected from weather station. The days from emergence to first flower open (DEF) were varied from 23-92 (2015 and 2016) in early sowing whereas 18-68 (2015) and 18-59 (2016) in late sowing. The shortened DEF in late sowing could be caused by both short photoperiod and high temperature in late sowing. However, the accumulated temperatures during emergence to first flower open (ATEF) were less variable in comparison with DEF, suggesting the ATEF is dependent mostly on the photoperiod. The ATEF were found same between early and late sowing in some early flowering lines (e.g. $686.7^{\circ}C$ and $687.6^{\circ}C$ in HEUKDAELIPS, $728.8^{\circ}C$ and $706.3^{\circ}C$ in WILLIAMS'82) which indicated that these would be insensitive to day length. In the growth chamber experiment, the variation in both DEF and ATEF was a little greater at low temperature ($25/18^{\circ}C$) but almost same at middle ($28/22^{\circ}C$) and high ($33/28^{\circ}C$) temperatures. Since the less differences in ATEF were found between the three temperatures, it is suggested that the temperature plays only a quantitative effect on the flower initiation, and the large ATEF in some lines may indicate the stronger photosensitivity even at 12 h or longer juvenile phase. Some lines with the lowest ATEF regardless of growth conditions, such as FISKEBY V, KE 32 (ATEF: 559.6-666.5, 587.7-709.5) might lack the sensitivities to both photoperiod and temperature. The results suggested that soybean genotypes has wider variation in sensitivity to photoperiod, whereas less variation to temperature.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.245-254
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• 1995

The density of ATP-sensitive potassium($K_{APT}$) channels, that open as intracellular ATP concentration falls below a critical level, is very high in skeletal muscle surface membrane and those high density may imply that $K_{ATP}$ channels have very important physiological roles. To elucidate a role of $K_{ATP}$ in relation to fatigue, the modulating effects of potassium channel openers and blockers on the fatigue velocity(FV) of mouse extensor hallucis longus muscle(EHL) were investigated in vitro. Twitch contraction was induced by an electrical field stimulation (EFS: 24-48V, 20ms, 0.2-4Hz) and resulting contraction force was isometrically recorded. The twitch forces were gradually decreased to 25% of initial contraction force(ICF) in $37.52{\pm}1.55sec$($mean{\pm}s.e.m.$, n=135), indicating the fatigue phenomena. The mean velocity for development of the fatigue was measured during the period that twitch force decreased to half($FV_{0/0.5}$) and during the period from half to 25%($FV_{0.5/0.25}$) of ICF. The fatigue was induced once every one hour and the tissue response was stable for up to 4 hours. In control condition, ICF was $5.8{\pm}0.12g$ (n=144) and decreased to 50% of ICF with the mean fatigue velocity of $0.182{\pm}0.006g/sec$($FV_{0/0.5}$, n=135) and from 50% to 25% of ICF with $0.084{\pm}0.004g/sec$($FV_{0.5/0.25}$, n=135). Cromakalim($50{\mu}M$) significantly increased $FV_{0.5/0.25}$(n=4). Glibenclamide($IC_{50}>50{\mu}M$), $Ba^{2+}$($IC_{50}=10{\mu}M$), 4-aminopyridine($FV_{0/0.5}$, $IC_{50}=0.5mM$; $FV_{0.5/0.25}$, $IC_{50}=2mM$) decreased both $FV_{0/0.5}$ and $FV_{0.5/0.25}$ concentration-dependently up to 75%. $TEA^+$(30mM), E-4031($10{\mu}M$), tolbutamide(1mM) decreased $FV_{0.5/0.25}$, but apamin(300nM) and $TEA^+$(10mM) showed no significant effects. Our results suggest that activation of the $K_{ATP}$ channels may be major cause of $K^+$ outflux during development of the fatigue and the isolated EHL muscle could be an useful experimental preparation in studying the fatigue phenomena in skeletal muscle. In addition, the possibility of activation of delayed rectifier during the fatigue development remains to be studied further.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.24-37
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• 1991

We synthesized the binuclear Tetradentate Schiff base nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes ; [Ni(II)$_2$(SMPO)$_2$(L)$_2$], [Ni(II)$_2$(SPPD)$_2$(L)$_2$] and [Cu(II)$_2$(SMPD)$_2$] and [Cu(II)$_2$(SPPD)$_2$] (where, L : Py, DMSO and DMF). We identified the structure of these complexes by elemental analysis, IR-spectrum, T.G.A, D.S.C and ESR measurements. According to the results of cyclic voltammetry and DPP measurements in aprotic solvent included 0.1M TEAP as supporting electrolyte, we knew that diffusional controlled redox process of one step with one electron was irreversible process in 0.1M TEAP-Py solution. Also it was reversible or quasi reversible process in 0.1M TEAP-DMSO solution and reversible or E.C reaction mechanism in 0.1M TEAP-DMF solution at mononuclear complexes ; [Cu(II)(SOPD)] and [Ni(II)(SOPD)(L)$_2$]. But, we knew that diffusional controlled redox process of two step for one electron of binuclear complexes was as follows. The values of redox potential for dimeric complexes in 0.1M TEAP-L solution (where, L ; Py, DMSO and DMF) with scan rate 100mV/sec.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.907-912
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• 2011

Development of visible light responsive photocatalysts is a promising research area to facilitate utilization of solar energy for hydrogen production via photocatalytic water splitting. In this study two groups of samples, nitrogen (N)-doped niobium pentoxide ($Nb_2O_5$) and titanium dioxide ($TiO_2$) ($Nb_2O_5-N$, $HNb_3O_8-N$, $TiO_2-N$) and N-undoped ones ($Nb_2O_5$ and $TiO_2$) were tested. In order to utilize visible light, nitrogen atoms were doped in selected photocatalysts by using urea. A shift of the absorption edges of the Ndoped samples in the visible light region was observed. Under visible light irradiation, N-doped samples were more prominent photocatalytic activities than the N-undoped samples. Specifically, 99.7% of rhodamine B (RhB) was degraded after 60 minutes of visible light irradiation with $TiO_2-N$. Since $TiO_2-N$ shows the highest activity of RhB degradation, it was supposed to generate the highest current response. However, $HNb_3O_8-N$ showed the highest current response ($63.7mA/cm^2$) than $TiO_2-N$. More interestingly, when we compare the hydrogen production, $Nb_2O_5-N$ produced $19.4{\mu}mol/h$ of hydrogen.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.7-14
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• 2009

In this paper, the effects of annealing conditions on the structural ((002) intensity, FWHM, d-spacing, grain size, (002) peak position), optical (UV peak, UV peak position) and electrical properties (carrier concentrations, resistivity, mobility) of ZnO films were investigated. ZnO films were deposited onto SiO$_2$/si substrates by RF magnetron sputtering from a ZnO target. The substrate was not heated during deposition. ZnO films were annealed in temperature ranges of $500\sim650^{\circ}C$ in the O$_2$ flow for 5$\sim$20 min. The film average thicknesses were in the range of 291 nm. The surface morphologies and structures of the samples were characterize by SEM and XRD, respectively. The optical properties were evaluated by photoluminescence (PL) measurement at room temperature (RT) using a He-Cd 325 nm laser. As the annealing temperature and time vary, the following relations were also observed: (1) proportional relationships among UV intensity (002) intensity, and grain size exist, (2) UV intensity is inversely proportional to FWHM, (3) there is no special relationship between UV intensity and electron carrier concentrations, (4) d-spacing is inversely proportional to (002) peak position, (5) UV peak position in the range of 3.20$\sim$3.24 eV means that ZnO films have a n-type conductivity which was consistent with that obtained from the electrical property, (6) the optimal conditions for the best optical and structural characteristics were found to be oxygen fraction, (O$_2$/(O$_2$+Ar)) of 0.2, RF power of 240W, substrate temperature of RT, annealing condition of 600$^{\circ}C$ for 20 min, and sputtering pressure of 20 mTorr.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 2014

Minimum infective dose (MID) data has been recognized as an important and absolutely needed in quantitative microbiological assessment (QMRA). In this study, we performed a comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis to better quantify this association. The meta-analysis applied a final selection of 82 published papers for total 12 species foodborne disease pathogens (bacteria 9, virus 2, and parasite 1 species) which were identified and classified based on the dose-response models related to QMRA studies from PubMed, ScienceDirect database and internet websites during 1980-2012. The main search keywords used the combination "food", "foodborne disease pathogen", "minimum infective dose", and "quantitative microbiological risk assessment". The appropriate minimum infective dose for B. cereus, C. jejuni, Cl. perfringens, Pathogenic E. coli (EHEC, ETEC, EPEC, EIEC), L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., S. aureus, V. parahaemolyticus, Hepatitis A virus, Noro virus, and C. pavum were $10^5cells/g$ (fi = 0.32), 500 cells/g (fi = 0.57), $10^7cells/g$ (fi = 0.56), 10 cells/g (fi = 0.47) / $10^8cells/g$ (fi = 0.71) / $10^6cells/g$ (fi = 0.70) / $10^6cells/g$ (fi = 0.60), $10^2{\sim}10^3cells/g$ (fi = 0.23), 10 cells/g (fi = 0.30), 100 cells/g (fi = 0.32), $10^5cells/g$ (fi = 0.45), $10^6cells/g$ (fi = 0.64), $10{\sim}10^2particles/g$ (fi = 0.33), 10 particles/g (fi = 0.71), and $10{\sim}10^2oocyst/g$ (fi = 0.33), respectively. Therefore, these results provide the preliminary data necessary for the development of foodborne pathogens QMRA.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.347-353
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• 2018

Red pepper is widely used as a spicy flavor ingredient in the food industry and many households. The objective of this study was to assess the total aerobic bacteria count, coliforms count and incidence of Escherichiacoli, Salmonella spp., Escherichiacoli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus in red pepper and red pepper cultivated soil. The total aerobic bacteria number in red pepper and soil were in the range of 2.97 to 8.13 and 5.91 to 7.65 log CFU/g, respectively. The coliforms in red pepper and soil were in the range of 1.87 to 6.71 and 0.67 to 6.16 log CFU/g, respectively. E. coli was detected in 3 of 54 soil samples. In 3 out 63 red pepper and 53 of 54 soil samples, B. cereus was detected, while Salmonella spp., E.coli O157:H7, and L.monocytogenes were not detected. The results from this study provide an important basic information associated with the microbiological safety of fresh vegetables. Continuous caution is needed to prevent the contamination of pathogenic microorganisms during its farming.