• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.144-147
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• 2012

Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch is one of major troublesome weeds in the paddy fields in Korea. The Korean name and scientific name of the species has been controversial among researchers. The Korean names 'Nonpee' and 'Gangpee' are being used interchangeably and the application of its scientific name is being confused. The committee composed of the Korea National Arboretum and the Korean Society of Plant Taxonomists has agreed in the use of 'Nonpee' as the Korean name. Therefore, we suggest to use the agreed name of the species for researchers to avoid confusion. In addition, the application of scientific names is also confused with E. oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch and E. oryzicola (Vasinger) Vasinger. E. oryzicola (Vasinger) Vasinger should be applied to the known 'Nonpee' and E. oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch should be applied to the unrecorded 'Nadononpee' discovered in Masan, Gyeongsangnam-do.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 1989

Echinochloa species collected from 13 places of Korea appeared to be morphologically very different. They were classified by Yabuno's seed morphology method into two species such as Echinochloa oryzicola and Echinochloa crus-galli which have two varieties such E. crus-galli var, cuss-galli and var, praticola. Among them, E. oryzicola was morphologically similar to Oryza sativa, but it had small leaf length with straight from, no awn, late heading and little interspecific variance. As compared with E. oryzicola, E. eras-galli var. crus-galli, and var, praticola showed a great variance exerting so difficulty in classifing them morphologically, particularly a great variance in leaf length, tiller number and grain size. E. oryzicola species showed the more sensitive response to butachor and thiobencarb herbicides than E. eras-galli var. praticola and var. eras-galli. However, E. eras-galli var. praticola was themore sensitive one to pretilachloa herbicide than such as E. oryzicola and E. eras-galli var. eras-galli, indicating that Echinochloa species might have a selective response to the annual herbicides tested.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 2001

Nine species of Bipolaris, two species of Drechslera and two species of Exserohilum were identified from 66 isolates collected from leaf spots and leaf blights on gramineous hosts of field crops, grass pasture plants, turfgrasses and wild weeds in Korea in 1998. They included B. bicolor, B. coicis, B. cynodontis, B. maydis, B. oryzae, B. panici-miliacei, B. setariae, B. sorghicola, B. sorokiniana, D. dictyoides, D. graminea, E. oryzicola and E. turcicum. Of these, B. bicolor, B. sorghicola, D. dictyoides, and E. oryzicola were recorded for the first time in Korea.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the ACCase inhibiting herbicide resistant Echinochloa oryzicola collected in a Honam rice field and to investigate the control of E. oryzicola in directly seeded paddy rice field. The study result showed that about 44% of the 67 biotypes collected in the rice field in Honam region were resistant to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. The efficacy of several chemical herbicides on these resistant E. oryzicola biotypes was evaluated according to their application timings. Among herbicides applied 4 days before seeding, pretilachlor, butachlor, oxadiazon, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon+pretilachlor, and fentrazamide+oxadiargyl, provided 95% or higher control of the resistant E. oryzicola biotypes. Among the herbicides applied 10 days after seeding, bromobutide+fentrazamide+imazosulfuron, benzobicyclon+fentrazamide+imazosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+thiobencarb, fentrazamide+imazosulfuron, bromobutide+imazosulfuron+mefenacet and bromobutide+imazosulfuron+pyraclonil provided ${\geq}95%$ control of the weeds. Bromobutide+imazosulfuron+mefenacet and bromobutide+pyrazosulfuron-ethyl+pyriminobac-methyl, applied 15 days after seeding, provided ${\geq}95$ and 90% control of the weeds. Foliar application of cyhalofop-butyl+propanil at 30 days after seeding provided ${\geq}90%$ control of the weeds. In addition, oxaziclomefone provided ${\geq}90%$ control for 40 days after soil application. These results show that E. oryzicola biotypes resistant to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides could be effectively controlled in directly seeded rice in submerged paddy fields using single or tank-mixed chemical herbicides currently available on the market.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2013

Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch (Na-do-non-pee), was found at paddy fields of Jeonranamdo on a large scale after a first discovery at Masan, Kyeongsangnamdo. This species was not easily distinguished from rice before flowering at the paddy field because of a similar morphology to rice. It is, however, distinguished from other species of the Korean Echinochloa by reliable morphological characters such as horizontal or drooping panicles at maturity, lower glumes with usually 1/4-2/5 as long as the spikelets, awned lower lemmas, and the number of chromosomes, 2n = 54. Echinochloa oryzicola (Vasinger) Vasinger was distinguished from E. oryzoides by erect panicles, lower glumes with at least 1/2 as long as the spikelets, and the number of chromosomes, 2n = 36.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.345-349
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• 2017

Herbicides are important weed control tools for increasing crop yields and the efficiency of crop production. As the use of herbicides increases, the occurrrence of herbicide-resistant weeds has been an increaing problem. In Korea, since the first occurrence of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor resistant Monochoria korsakowii was reported in the Seosan reclaimed paddy field in 1998, resistance has been reported in 14 weed species, including Echinochola spp. and their populations are gradually increasing. The objective of this study is to investigate the nationwide occurrence of ALS and Acetyl-CoA Carboylase inhibitor resistant Echinochloa spp. in Korea. In 2013, 2014, and 2015, we collected 594 accessions of Echinochloa spp. in Korean rice fields except for Jeonnam and Chungbuk provinces. They were then treated with the recommended rates of penoxsulam and cyhalofop-butyl. We harvested seeds from 45 accessions of E. oryzicola in the case of cyhalofop-butyl treatment. Also, 44 and 46 accessions of E. oryzicola and E. crus-galli survived and their seeds were harvested after penoxsulam treatment. Twenty accessions of E. oryzicola survived from both herbicides inferring possible multiple resistance. Two accessions out of 20 inferred from possible multiple resistance survived after cyhalofop-butyl treatment at a dose of $500ga.i.ha^{-1}$. Seeds of herbicide resistant populations will be provided and utilized for further research.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.181-186
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• 2016

Three Echinochloa species inhabit various crop fields with different soil moisture conditions. Therefore, a growthpouch test was conducted to investigate adaptive diversity of six Echinochloa species, three from Korea and three from USA, toosmotic stress by assessing shoot and root growths. Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola showed the greatest tolerance to osmoticstress in both root ($GR_{50}=1316.3g\;PEG\;L^{-1}$) and shoot ($GR_{50}=212.2g\;PEG\;L^{-1}$) growths, while Korean E. oryzicola was mostsensitive to osmotic stress in both root ($GR_{50}=116g\;PEG\;L^{-1}$) and shoot ($GR_{50}=126.2g\;PEG\;L^{-1}$) growths. Root to shoot (R/S) ratioof Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola increased with increasing osmotic stress, while that of Korean E. oryzicola decreased, suggestingthat R/S ratio is closely related to osmotic stress tolerance in Echinochloa species. Our results clearly demonstrate that E. crus-galli var.praticola maintains high R/S ratio even under high osmotic stress, which enables this species to well adapt to dry upland condition. Incontrast, while E. oryzicola fails to maintain sufficiently high R/S ratio, resulting in poor adaptability to dry upland condition.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.16-27
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• 1989

The six barnyardgrass [Echinochloa oryzicola (vasing.) Vasing.] and seventeen barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-gadli (L.) Beauv.] accessions, which were collected national widely in 1986 and selected two times through 1987. To study different growth response due to herbicide, pyrazolate, bifenox, quinclorac, the experiment was conducted with herbicide agar culture without nutrients, 1. Albinistic discoloration due to pyrazolate was more sensitive in E, crus-galli than E. oryzicola and among barnyardgrass accessions, Kumi, Ichon-A, Ichon-B, Boun-B and Kwangju-B were rather susceptible than Gyongju, Ansong, Boun-A, Jongju-A and Kwangju-A. 2. Twisting and growth retardation due to bifenox was less sensitive in E. oryzicola with less intra-specific variations than in E. crus-galli. Among E. crus-galli accessions, Boun-B, Ansong, Ichon-A, Ichon-B, Wonju and Kwangju-B were particulary susceptible, and Jinyang, Jongju-B, Jongju-A, Daejon, Kurye and Kwangju-A were tolerant as much as E. oryzicola. 3. Growth retardation and withering to dead due to quinclorac was more sensitive in E. oryzicola with less intra-specific variations than in E. crus-galli. Among accessions of E. curs-galli, Boun-A, Iri, Jongju-A, Jongju-B, Kwangju-A and Kwangju-B were rather similar suseptible to E, oryzicola than kimhae, Gyongju, Kumi, Wonju, Ichon-A, Ichon-B and Ansong. 4. Most accession of E. oryzicola was tolerant to both pyrazolate and bifenox, while susceptible to quinclorac. Among other accessions of E. crus-galli, Kurye, Kimhae, and Daejon were tolerant to all experimented herbicides, and Iri, Jongju-A, Jongju-B, and Kwangju-A were only tolerant to both pyrazolate and bifenox, while Kumi, Wonju, Ichon-A, Ichon-B, Boun-B and Kwangju-B were only tolerant to quinclorac.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.57-69
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• 2012

This study was conducted to find the effective management of main weeds including herbicide-resistant Echinochloa oryzicola, Scirpus juncoides and Monochoria vaginalis in direct seeded rice on puddled paddy surface. The dominant dominances in direct seeded rice on puddled paddy surface were increased for three years between 2009-2011. In weed distribution in 2011, the occurrence density of S. juncoides decreased greatly, but it of E. oryzicola increased especially as compared with it of 2009. Benzobicyclon, mesotrione and pyrimisulfan were effective to sulfonylurea(SU)-resistant S. juncoides and M. vaginalis at 5 and 12 days after seeding, however, the efficacy of bromobutide to sulfonylurea-resistant M. vaginalis was decreased slightly at 12 days after seeding. And carfentrazon and pyrazolate were ineffective to S. juncoides. In direct seeded rice on puddled paddy surface which ACCase and ALS inhibitor-resistant E. oryzicola was not occurred, benzobicyclon+penoxsulam+pyrazosulfuron-ethyl ET, bromobutide+imazosulfuron+metamifop GR, and flucetosulfuron+mesotrione+pretilachlor GR showed the control effect over 94% to main weeds included sulfonylurea-resistant S. juncoides and M. vaginalis. The E. oryzicola dominating in direct seeded rice on puddled paddy surface were not any affected to the survival by treatment with recommended doses of cyhalofop-butyl and penoxsulam tested. The ACCase and ALS inhibitor-resistant E. oryzicola was effectively controlled by mefenacet and fentrazamide up to the 2nd leaf stage. In direct seeded rice on puddled paddy surface domiating coincidentally by herbicide-resistant E. oryzicola, S. juncoides and M. vaginalis, "one-shot herbicide" included with mefenacet, fentrazamide, penoxsulam and metamifop could't be used because of low control effect or rice injury. The sequential treatment of benzobicyclon+thiobencarb SE and bensulfuron+mefenacet+thiobencarb GR controlled effectively the herbicide-resistant E. oryzicola, S. juncoides and M. vaginalis in direct seeded rice on puddled paddy surface. The days required by the 3rd leaf stage of herbicide-resistant E. oryzicola, S. juncoides and M. vaginalis in direct seeded rice on puddled paddy surface seeded in May 20 shortened by 4 days as compared with it of June 10.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.225-229
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• 2015

Echinochloa colona is one of the most problematic weeds in the paddy fields of the world. In recent years, this species is likely to be introduced in Korea due to global warming, the expansion of international trade including agricultural products, and increasing tourists. We tried to identify the species from Korean Echinochloa crus-galli and E. oryzicola in order to establish the control measures in case of the initial influx. For this study, Echinochloa colona collected from the National Plant Germplasm System, USA were examined and E. crus-galli and E. oryzicola were collected in Korea. It is, however, very difficult to identify for Echinochloa species using morphological characters because of numerous interspecific and intraspecific types found in nature. Thus, we barcoded the species using rbcL, matK, and ITS. All three markers identified E. colona very well from the others. ITS alone may be enough as a DNA barcode for E. colona identification, when considering cost and effectiveness. The barcode sequences were deposited to the National Center for Biotechnology Information database for public use.