• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2009

Let ${\pi}:E{\rightarrow}B$ be a Serre fibration with fibre F. We prove that if the inclusion map $i:F{\rightarrow}E$ has a left homotopy inverse r and ${\pi}:E{\rightarrow}B$ admits a cross section ${\rho}:B{\rightarrow}E$, then $G_n(E,F){\cong}{\pi}_n(B){\oplus}G_n(F)$. This is a generalization of the case of trivial fibration which has been proved by Lee and Woo in [8]. Using this result, we will prove that ${\pi}_n(X^A){\cong}{\pi}_n(X){\oplus}G_n(F)$ for the function space $X^A$ from a space A to a weak $H_*$-space X where the evaluation map ${\omega}:X^A{\rightarrow}X$ is regarded as a fibration.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.669-676
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• 1995

Background: The cell-mediated immunity is needed for eradicating the tubercle bacilli. Prostaglandin(PG), especially PG $E_2$, is involved in cellular immunosuppression. It is known that the PG $E_2$ is suppressed by indomethacin. For using indomethacin as a immunomodulator of intractable pulmonary tuberculosis(Tbc) patients, we measured the tuberculin skin test(TST) and the plasma PG $E_2$ levels. Method: The forty-eight inpatients with sputum positive acid-fast stain bacilli were classified into 6 groups according to antiTbc chemotherapy history(new and intractable cases), plain chest roetgenogram(minimal and far advanced cases), and TST reaction(nagative and positive cases). Except for one group(n=2; new, minimal, and negative cases of TST reaction) of the 6 groups, all subjects(n=46) were measured for the plasma PG $E_2$, levels with radioimmunoassay. Results: 1) There was no significant difference in the plasma PG $E_2$ levels among A group(far advanced and positive TST reaction cases, n=10, $11.22{\pm}2.86\;pg/ml$), B group(minimal and negative TST reaction cases, n=9, $11.35{\pm}2.20$) and C group(far advanced and positive TST reaction cases, n=7, $11.11{\pm}2.30$) in the new cases(p>0.05). 2) There was no significant difference in the plasma PG $E_2$ levels between positive(n=10, $9.25{\pm}2.21$) and negative(n=10, $8.25{\pm}1.13$) groups by TST in the intractable cases(p>0.05). 3) Comparing the plasma PG $E_2$ levels between new(n=26, $11.35{\pm}2.41$) and intractable(n=20, $8.75{\pm}1.78$) groups, the intractable group had significi- andy lower plasma PG $E_2$ levels(p<0.05). 4) There was no significant difference in the plasma PG $E_2$ levels between negative(n=19, $9.88{\pm}2.43$) and positive(n=27, $10.46{\pm}2.56$) groups by TST(p>0.05). 5) There was no significant difference in the plasma PG $E_2$ levels between male(n=32, $10.07{\pm}2.44$) and female(n=14, $10.56{\pm}2.70$)(p>0.05). 6) There was no significant difference in the plasma PG $E_2$ levels among 2nd(n=5, $10.21{\pm}2.86$), 3rd(n=9, $9.97{\pm}2.47$), 4th(n=13, $11.35{\pm}2.33$) and 5th(n=19, $9.57{\pm}2.48$) decades(p>0.05). 7) There was no significant correlation between the induration sizes of the TST and the plasma PG $E_2$ levels(r=0.054, p>0.05). Conclusion: From the above results, the plasma PG $E_2$ levels of intractable group are not higher as the authors had expected. There was no significant difference in the plasma PG $E_2$ levels by the lesion sizes of plain chest roentgenogram and the induration sizes of TST, so more study will be needed to use the indomethacin as a immunomodulator for intractable pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.03a
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• pp.82-82
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• 2003

p-CdI $n_2$T $e_4$ 단결정을 Bridgeman법으로 3단 수직 전기로에서 성장하였다. 성장된 결정의 결정성은 X선 회절과 광발광 측정으로 조사하였다 막 성장된(as-grown) 결정과 여러 열처리 CdI $n_2$T $e_4$ 결정들의 광발광 스펙트럼 측정으로부터 CdI $n_2$T $e_4$:Cd 광발광에서는 중성 주개 bound 엑시톤 ( $D^{\circ}$,X)가 우세함을 발견하였고 반면에 CdI $n_2$T $e_4$:Cd 광발광에서는 중성 받개 bound 엑시톤 ( $A^{\circ}$,X)가 완전히 사라졌다. 더우기, CdI $n_2$T $e_4$:Te의 광발광 스펙트럼에서 중성 받개 bound 엑시톤 ( $A^{\circ}$,X) 발광은 막 성장된 CdI $n_2$T $e_4$결정에서처럼 우세하였다. 이러한 결과들은 ( $D^{\circ}$,X)가 주개로써 작용하는 $V_{Te}$ ,와 관련이 있고, ( $A^{\circ}$,X)는 받개로 작용하는 $V_{cd}$와 관련이 있음을 가리킨다. p-CdI $n_2$T $e_4$ 결정은 Cd 증기 분위기에서 열처리한 후에는 n형으로 type conversion이 된다는 것을 알았다. 중성 주개-받개 bound 엑시톤 ( $D^{\circ}$, $A^{\circ}$)과 이들의 TO 포논 복제의 발광은 $V_{Te}$ 나 C $d_{int}$와 같은 주개들과 $V_{cd}$ 또는 T $e_{int}$와 같은 받개들 사이의 상호 작용과 관련이 있다. 또한, CdI $n_2$T $e_4$에서 In은 안정된 결합의 형태로 있기 때문에 자연 결함의 형성에는 관련이 없음을 알았다 알았다았다았다

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2001

Let E be an injective module over a commutative Noetherian ring A. In this paper we will show that if I is regular ideal, then the sequence of sets $$Ass_A((I^n)^{{\star}(E)}/I^n),\;n{\in}N$$ is ultimately constant. Also we obtain some related results. (Here for an ideal J of A, $J^{{\star}(E)}$ denotes the integral closure of J relative to E.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 2006

The effects of aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-hexadecane and n-dodecane) on the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient $(k_L\;a)$ were studied in flat alveolar airlift reactor and continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs). In the flat alveolar airlift reactor, high aeration rates (>2vvm) were required in order to obtain efficient organic-aqueous phase dispersion and reliable $k_La$ measurements. Addition of 1% (v/v) n-hexadecane or n-dodecane increased the $k_La$ 1.55- and 1.33-fold, respectively, compared to the control (superficial velocity: $25.8{\times}10^{-3}m/s$, sparger orifice diameter: 0.5 mm). Analysis of the gas-liquid interfacial area a and the liquid film mass transfer coefficient $k_L$ suggests that the observed $k_La$ increase was a function of the media's liquid film mass transfer. Addition of 1% (v/v) n-hexadecane or n-dodecane to analogous setups using CSTRs led to a $k_La$ increase by a factor of 1.68 and 1.36, respectively (superficial velocity: $2.1{\times}10^{-3}m/s$, stirring rate: 250 rpm). These results propose that low-concentration addition of oxygen-vectors to aerobic microbial cultures has additional benefit relative to incubation in purely aqueous media.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.162-167
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• 2006

The symmetry of the conduction-band minimum of $GaAs_{1-x}N_{x}$ is probed by performing resonant Raman scattering (RRS) on thin layers of $GaAs_{1-x}N_{x}(x{\leq}0.7)$ epitaxially grown on Ge substrates. Strong resonance enhancement of the LO(longitudinal optical)-phonon Raman intensity is observed with excitation energies near the $E_0$ as well as $E_+$ transitions, However, in contrast to the distinct LO-phonon line-width resonance enhancement and activation of various X and L zone-boundary phonons brought about slightly below and near the $E_+$ transition, respectively, we have not observed any resonant LO-phonon line-width broadening or activation of sharp zone-boundary phonons near the $E_0$ transition. The observed RRS results reveal that the conduction-band minimum of GaAsN predominantly consists of the delocalized GaAs bulk-like states of ${\Gamma}$ symmetry.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.170-177
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• 2010

Bacillus licheniformis N1, previously developed as a biofungicide formulation N1E to control gray mold disease of plants, was investigated to study the bacterial traits that may be involved in its biological control activity. Two N1E based formulations, bacterial cell based formulation PN1E and culture supernatant based formulation SN1E, were evaluated for disease control activity against gray mold disease of tomato and strawberry plants. Neither PN1E nor SN1E was as effective as the original formulation N1E. Fractionation of antifungal compounds from the bacterial culture supernatant of B. licheniformis N1 indicated that two different cyclic lipopeptides were responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the N1 strain. These two purified compounds were identified as iturin A and surfactin by HPLC and LCMS. The purified lipopeptides were evaluated for plant disease control activity against seven plant diseases. Crude extracts and purified compounds applied at 500 ${\mu}g/ml$ concentration controlled tomato gray mold, tomato late blight and pepper anthracnose effectively with over 70% disease control value. While iturin showed broad spectrum activity against all tested plant diseases, the control activity by surfactin was limited to tomato gray mold, tomato late blight, and pepper anthracnose. Although antifungal compounds from B. licheniformis N1 exhibited disease control activity, our results suggested that bacterial cells present in the N1E formulation also contribute to the disease control activity together with the antifungal compounds.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.177-181
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• 1998

Dithiocarbamate and mixed disulfide containing allyl functions were designed and synthesized as putative chemopreventive agents, i.e. N,N-diallyldithiocarbamate (DATC) and S-(N,N-diallyldithiocarbamoyl)-N-acetylcysteine (AC-DATC). DATC and AC-DATC were administered and the activities of cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and microsomal N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) deethylase were assayed in order to test the effects of these organosulfur com-pounds on the detoxification and metabolic activation system of NDEA. The amounts of hepatic glutathione (GSH and GSSG) was also determined. The administration of DATC to rats led to an increase in the activity of GR and to an inhibition of CYP2E1-mediated NDEA deethylation. AC-DATC induced the activity of GR and GST, increased the hepatic GSH content and inhibited the rate of NDEA deethylation. The level of GSSG was decreased as a consequence of the increased activity of GR. These effects may contribute to possible antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic action of the dithiocarbamates investigated.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.219-225
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• 2007

The equilibrium solubilization capacity of pure hydrocarbon oils by 2.5 wt% $C_{12}E_8$ nonionic surfactant solution was measured at $30^{\circ}C$ by gas chromatography (GC) analysis. Experimental results indicated that the molar solubilization ratio (MSR) for pure alkanes was found to decrease almost linearly with the alkane carbon number (ACN) of the hydrocarbon oil. For the binary mixture systems of the hydrocarbon oils both selective and nonselective solubilization behaviors were observed depending on the difference in carbon number of the two hydrocarbon oils. Equilibrium solubilization tests for the two n-octane/n-nonane and n-nonane/n-decane mixture systems in $C_{12}E_8$ surfactant solutions suggest slightly selective solubilization in favor of n-octane, but the small difference in solubilization rates between two hydrocarbon oils does not allow ruling out non-selective solubilization for these particular systems. This is certainly not the case for the n-octane/n-decane mixture, for which selective solubilization was conclusively demonstrated by GC analysis data.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.41-45
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• 2003

Impurities transmuted in GaN thin film and GaN nanowires after neutron irradiation are studied in this work. The structural properties of GaN nanowires were shown using by Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM). Transmuted impurities that are expected to be doped into GaN thin film and GaN nanowires are then confirmed by photoluminescence(PL). Transmuted atom in GaN materials is Ge atom, Ge-related peaks in GaN thin film lead to emit at 2.9eV, 2.25eV. But emission bands at 2.9eV, 2.25eV are not shown in PL spectra of GaN nanowires. Our experimental results are expected to give deep impact on nano-material doping technology for the achievement of the fabrication of nano-devices.