• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.683-702
• /
• 2015

The static status and dynamic trend of the market structure in the international wheat trade market are empirically analyzed. The export inequality level empirically proved to be high compared to import inequality level. And such states have been maintained since 2001 until 2014. Although the concentration level of export side seems to be easing, the international wheat market remains imperfect competitive market. Moreover, overall imperfect competitive status over 2002-2014 has been worsened compared to 2001 level. The main reasons are that the overall trends of the imports concentration is reduced more than those of the export concentration level.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.13-24
• /
• 2011

IT is the core industry in Korea which has the most international competitiveness and counts for 35% of the total exports of Korea. Nevertheless, it tends to be concentrated in small range of items, a few countries and mostly large companies. Therefore, it is needed for small and medium-sized enterprises which can have prompt decision making processes and various changes to export wide range of items and to diverse countries. This study will introduce 'the fleet-type expansion strategy of overseas export' that is about large and small enterprises perform the appropriate role based on their own character, thus they produce the mutual benefit. This strategy will contribute to improve the export structure of Korea and perform the major role for Korea's IT industry to become the dynamic force for growth in the future.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.10 no.12
• /
• pp.300-308
• /
• 2010

This study empirically investigates the export structure change of OECD countries in the field of information technology from 1995 to 2005. We used Between and Within Entropy index to estimate the difference of export structure change rather than RCA index(simple export structure change). In addition, we also estimate the relationship between R&D activities and export difference. First, empirical findings showed that IT export market concentration is decreasing gradually, and changing to more competitive market structure. Second, compared to other OECD countries, Korean exports weight of information and communication industry can be seen higher than that of bio-industry. Third, Entropy index was increased from 1995 and then gradually decreased as the starting point of 2000. Finally, the relationship between R & D activities in the telecommunications industry and impact of the export structure changes was a positive.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.239-253
• /
• 2013

Changes of a port's market share in the exports of domestic ports result from many interrelated factors. Therefore, the analysis of the export performance of a port should be put in perspective by analysing long periods to identify trends. This paper aims to show the development of competitiveness, product and geographical structure of the Busan Port's merchandise exports from 1995 to 2012 using constant-market shares (CMS) analysis. This article is relevant for Busan port because its export market shares have been showing disappointing path. The dynamic consideration of the CMS analysis, which the static indicators have been replaced by time series, helps to track all changes in the export structure and competitiveness of the Busan port over time. The long-term trend of the indicators suggests that it may be very hard for the Busan port to maintain its market share in the global environment. The advantage in competitiveness of the Busan port has vanished and the product and geographical structure effects show negative trends after 1995, pointing to vulnerability in the Busan port's exports.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.249-275
• /
• 2002

Iksan Export Free Zone which was established for the export promotion, the employment augmentation, the technological improvement and the regional development promotion through the attraction of foreign direct investment is declining function with diminution of foreign direct investment, exportation and employment since the middle of the 1980s. The decline factor of the function was inherent in disregard of the necessary locational factors for Export Free zone's function promotion and without respect to conditions in a choice of location. And the present labor intensive industrial structure of region has some difficulties with a modification of Export Free Zone's industrial structure to a technology intensive industry. According to the lack of coherent policy, a limited plottage and a lack of the extensible space decrease the effect of agglomeration and economic of scale. And the lack of governmental policy to create a dynamic advantage comparative with an amelioration of the locational conditions of region diminish the regional attractive force to foreign direct investment.

• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.115-130
• /
• 2021

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the causal relationship between import-export goods and transportation modes. To this end, five major commodity groups were selected from 2010 to 2018 such as Machinery and transport equipment (SITC 7), manufactured goods classified chiefly by material (SITC 6), chemicals and related products, n.e.s. (SITC 5), mineral, fuels, lubricants, and related materials (SITC 3), and miscellaneous manufactured articles (SITC 8). And using the panel VECM, the difference between transportation modes such as ports and airports was compared and analyzed through panel granger causality, Impulse response function, Forecasting error variance decomposition. As a result, it is confirmed that the causal relationship between major product groups and transportation modes showed different causal relationships depending on the characteristics of port and air transportation.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.79-96
• /
• 2008

One of the roles of the Semantic Web services is to execute dynamic intra-organizational services including the integration and interoperation of business processes. Since different organizations design their processes differently, the retrieval of similar semantic business processes is necessary in order to support inter-organizational collaborations. Most approaches for finding services that have certain features and support certain business processes have relied on some type of logical reasoning and exact matching. This paper presents our approach of using imprecise matching for expanding results from an exact matching engine to query the OWL(Web Ontology Language) MIT Process Handbook. MIT Process Handbook is an electronic repository of best-practice business processes. The Handbook is intended to help people: (1) redesigning organizational processes, (2) inventing new processes, and (3) sharing ideas about organizational practices. In order to use the MIT Process Handbook for process retrieval experiments, we had to export it into an OWL-based format. We model the Process Handbook meta-model in OWL and export the processes in the Handbook as instances of the meta-model. Next, we need to find a sizable number of queries and their corresponding correct answers in the Process Handbook. Many previous studies devised artificial dataset composed of randomly generated numbers without real meaning and used subjective ratings for correct answers and similarity values between processes. To generate a semantic-preserving test data set, we create 20 variants for each target process that are syntactically different but semantically equivalent using mutation operators. These variants represent the correct answers of the target process. We devise diverse similarity algorithms based on values of process attributes and structures of business processes. We use simple similarity algorithms for text retrieval such as TF-IDF and Levenshtein edit distance to devise our approaches, and utilize tree edit distance measure because semantic processes are appeared to have a graph structure. Also, we design similarity algorithms considering similarity of process structure such as part process, goal, and exception. Since we can identify relationships between semantic process and its subcomponents, this information can be utilized for calculating similarities between processes. Dice's coefficient and Jaccard similarity measures are utilized to calculate portion of overlaps between processes in diverse ways. We perform retrieval experiments to compare the performance of the devised similarity algorithms. We measure the retrieval performance in terms of precision, recall and F measure? the harmonic mean of precision and recall. The tree edit distance shows the poorest performance in terms of all measures. TF-IDF and the method incorporating TF-IDF measure and Levenshtein edit distance show better performances than other devised methods. These two measures are focused on similarity between name and descriptions of process. In addition, we calculate rank correlation coefficient, Kendall's tau b, between the number of process mutations and ranking of similarity values among the mutation sets. In this experiment, similarity measures based on process structure, such as Dice's, Jaccard, and derivatives of these measures, show greater coefficient than measures based on values of process attributes. However, the Lev-TFIDF-JaccardAll measure considering process structure and attributes' values together shows reasonably better performances in these two experiments. For retrieving semantic process, we can think that it's better to consider diverse aspects of process similarity such as process structure and values of process attributes. We generate semantic process data and its dataset for retrieval experiment from MIT Process Handbook repository. We suggest imprecise query algorithms that expand retrieval results from exact matching engine such as SPARQL, and compare the retrieval performances of the similarity algorithms. For the limitations and future work, we need to perform experiments with other dataset from other domain. And, since there are many similarity values from diverse measures, we may find better ways to identify relevant processes by applying these values simultaneously.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.35-55
• /
• 1989

Today, about 99% of total import and export cargo in Korea is being transported through the port. The general trends of cargo handling show increases in capacity and speed, In order to cope with these trends, it is not only required to raise the efficiencies of port operation and function but also necessary to decide the optimal amount of the skilled labor force for cargo handling in the port. Cargo handling in the port is basically relied on the cargo handling facilities. Therefore, it is very important to reserve the amount of labor force for cargo handling system has been developed up to a certain level but the personnel management system which is the superior structure has not been followed well. In this study, therefore, we show a method to determine the required amount of labor force for cargo handling considering the amount of cargo and type of cargo handling work per each cargo, and the optimal amount labor force in cope with the fluctuation of the basic cargo handling labor force with respect to the time of in and out cargo flow in the viewpoint of minimizing the expences due to reservation of extra labor force than needed and firing employment of labor force using the Dynamic Programming. The derived algorithm is introduced into the computer simulation for Pusan port with the analyzed real data such as amount of cargo handling in the port with respect to working hour, cargo capacity, working step, the ratio of cargo handling facility and actual number of workers and we estimated the required labor force. As a result of analysis the labor force of Pusan port showed the over-employment such as maximum 21.4%, minimum 8.2% when we assumed that the averages of actual working hours and days were 8 hours in a day and 20 day in a month.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.75-89
• /
• 2015

This study examines 31 import and export cargo items handled in each port to investigate which items face the most competition among the ports and how many of them are transited to other ports. The study aims to suggest implications for the future port policy of Incheon Port. It was found that the volume concentration in the Western Coast region from 2005 to 2014 became increasingly decentralized. The decentralization began in earnest in 2009 in particular, and the value was 0.448 in 2014, indicating fierce competition among the regions. According to the static and dynamic positioning analyses results for Incheon Port, Pyeongtaek and Dangjin Port, and Gunsan Port, using BCG Matrix, the static positioning analysis showed that Incheon Port belongs to the 3rd quadrant (Cash Cows), Pyeongtaek and Dangjin Port belongs to the 2nd quadrant (Question Marks), and Gunsan Port belongs to the (Dogs) group. This implies that Incheon Port has maintained its position with large shares compared to those of other ports, despite its low growth rate. However, the market position and growth rate of Incheon Port decreased according to the dynamic positioning analysis results. The shift-share analysis results indicated that the volumes of Incheon Port and Gunsan Port were shifting to Pyeongtaek and Dangjin Port. Moreover, the ratio of absolute growth to potential growth of Incheon Port and Gunsan Port turned out to be significantly lower than that of Pyeongtaek and Dangjin Port, implying that Incheon Port and Gunsan Port are declining as compared to Pyeongtaek Port and Dangjin Port. According to the LQ index analysis results, specialized items from Incheon Port that do not overlap with other ports included the following ten items: meat, fish and crustaceans, bituminous coals, crude oil and petroleum, petroleum-refined products, plastic rubber and products, textiles, nonferrous metal and products, electric machinery, and aircrafts and ships. In particular, it was confirmed that the bulk cargo of Incheon Port was actually shifting to Pyeongtaek and Dangjin Port following the policy of re-establishing port functions.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.19 no.1 s.63
• /
• pp.253-262
• /
• 2006

Research of color has been developed and also has raised consumer desire through changing from a tool to pursue curiosity or beauty to a tool creating effects in the 20th century. People have been interested in colors as a dynamic expression of results since the color TV appeared. The meaning of colors has been recently diversified as the roles of colors became important to the emotional aspects of design. While auto colors have developed along with such changes of the times, black led the color trend during the first half of the 20th century from 1900 to 1950, a transitional period of economic growth and world war. Since then, automobile production has increased apace with the rapid economic growth throughout the world and automobiles became the most expensive item out of the goods that people use. Accordingly, increasing production induced facility investment in mass production and a technology leveling was achieved. Auto manufacturing processes are very complicated, auto makers gradually recognized that software changes such as to colors or materials was an easier way for the improvement of brand identity as opposed to hardware changes such as the mechanical or design components of the body. Color planning and development systems were segmented in various aspects. In the segmentation issue, pigment technology and painting methods are important elements that have an influence on body colors and have a higher technical correlation with colors than in other industries. In other words, the advanced mixture of pigments is creating new body colors that have not existed previously. This diversifies the painting structure and methods and so maximizes the transparency and depth of body colors. Thus, body colors that are closely related to technical factors will increase in the future and research on color preferences by region have been systemized to cope with global competition due to the expansion and change of auto export regions.