• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.508-517
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• 2010

One-step reduction/dyeing method was optimized for wool dyeing with natural indigo dye in this study. The effects of reduction/dyeing conditions including dye temperature and time, the pH of bath, concentration of dye, and reducing agent on dye uptake and color were investigated. The dye uptake was higher with no addition of alkali. Dyeing was carried out through the use of only sodium hydrosulfite in the bath. The maximum dye uptake was obtained at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30min and the dyed fabrics appeared in the PB Munsell color range. Dye uptake improved with the increase of a natural indigo dye concentration with the same sodium hydrosulfite concentration. At a higher dye uptake, the fabric color became more purplish and the maximum absorption shifted from 660nm to 620nm. Color reproducibility was reliable with a color difference in the range of 0.41~1.43. Regardless of color strength, washing and dry cleaning fastnesses were good with a 4/5 rating, and fastnesses to rubbing and light were acceptable with a 3/4~4 rating.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.9_10
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• pp.1364-1372
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• 2007

The purpose of this research is to provide the fundamental data about knitwear laundering and care. A questionnaire was designed and survey data was colleted from male and female consumers. Descriptive statistics, Chi-squire and t-test were conducted for statistical analysis. Results indicated that female consumers were more susceptible with 'handle with care' or 'fragile label' than male consumers. Females preferred hand washing whereas males preferred dry cleaning. Marital status of respondents did not affect awareness of care labels. Consumers considered more about stability of product shape than stain removal. Although most respondents followed proper ways to knitwear care and laundering, they felt that technical knowledge or deep understanding about washing is needed. In order to increase consumer satisfaction with knitwear products, the importance of care labels should be acknowledged.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.35-41
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• 2008

This study investigated the dyeing properties of silk fabrics with Annatto. The dye stuff was extracted by distilled water at $60^{\circ}C$, 10minutes, 1:100 of bath ratio. Dyeability(K/S) and color fastness of silk fabrics were tested under conditions of various concentrations, time, temperature, repeat-numbers of dyeing, pH, mordants variables and methods of mordanting. The highest absorbance was found in methanol extract of Annatto. The optimum dyeing concentration, time and temperature of silk fabrics with Annatto were 25%(o.w.f.), 60min and $60^{\circ}C$ respectively. The K/S value showed higher in post-mordanting than in pre-mordanting, and especially post-Fe mordant showed highest K/S value. In the case of colorfastness, Cu-mordanted fabrics were good washing fastness. Dry cleaning fastness appeared 4-5 grades and light fastness showed lowest grade.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.457-466
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to develop environmentally friendly black dye by comparing Ketapang and Gallnut, that have been traditionally used as a black dye. As a result of FT-IR and UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis, Ketapang was characterized by condensed tannin, while Gallnut showed hydrolyzable tannin. Due to the dyeability characteristic analysis, the color fastness of the non-mordant dye was slightly lowered to grades 1-3. In the dry-cleaning fastness test, both non-mordant and iron mordant were excellent, in grade 4-5, and the daylight fastness was excellent grade 3-5 too. The $L^*$ values of Ketapang were 26.93 (pre-mordant) and 29.39 (post-mordant), which were higher than those of Gallnut, 41.90 (pre-mordant) and 43.02 (post-mordant), indicating that Ketapang was more easily colored as a black dye than Gallnut.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.55 no.8 s.99
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• pp.154-160
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• 2005

For the purpose of standardization and practicability of natural dyeing, the mordanting and dyeing properties of Puerariae Radix was studied. Appropriate extraction, dyeing and mordanting condition of Puerariae Radix were determined, and the effect of mordanting method on dye uptake and color fastness of dyed fabric was investigated. The maximum absorbance of Puerariae Radix solution was at 290nm and 301nm. The pH effect was stable in the color difference changes. The optimum temperature to extract Puerariae Radix was during 1 hour in loot. The effective dyeing temperature and time of silk were 80$\~$ 100$^{circ}C$, 1hour. The silk fabrics dyed with Puerariae Radix appeared yellow-brown. US value of dyeing fabrics was increased by Fe, and Cu mordant treatment. Mordanting treatment method affected color change of the dyed silk. In the case of Puerariae Radix light fastness of appeared more than 2-5 grades by mordant treatment. Perspiration fastness of appered more than 4 grades by Al, Sn, Cr mordant treatment. Fastness of abrasion and dry-cleaning appered more than 4-5 grades. These fastness improvement were generally effective for mordant treatment, specially Al, Sn, Cr.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.952-961
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• 2013

This study optimizes a suitable dyeing method for polylactic acid (PLA) fabrics using disperse dyes. For this, disperse red 60 (DR 60), disperse blue 56 (DB 56), and disperse yellow 54 (DY 54) were used and dyed on PLA fabrics dependent of dyeing temperature and time. The fastness of PLA fabrics dyed with three disperse dyes were evaluated; in addition, dye exhaustion, color strength (K/S value), and colorimetric properties of PLA fabrics were compared with PET fabrics. The experiments indicated optimum dyeability of PLA fabrics with disperse dyes. The dyeing temperature was $90^{\circ}C$ for every dye and the dyeing time were 20 min, 60 min, and 40 min for DR 60, DB 56, DY 54, respectively. PLA fabrics had good color fastness to washing, dry cleaning fastness, hot pressing fastness, rub fastness, and perspiration fastness by DR 60, DB 56, and DY 54. The dye exhaustion of PLA fabrics were lower than PET fabrics; however, K/S values were higher than PET fabrics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2012.03a
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• pp.97-97
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• 2012

비스코스 레이온 소재는 목재 펄프를 원료로 한 재생섬유로서 Drape성과 반발성은 탁월하나, 습식 방사에 따른 분자 구조적 불안정성으로 소비자가 일반 세탁 시 수축발생으로 종종 Dry Cleaning을 해야 하는 문제점들이 있음. 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 레이온의 단점을 극복하고 신축성 발현 및 형태안정성을 부여하기 위해 Rayon DTY사와 Spun T/R 40's를 개발하고 다양한 조직의 환편물을 제작하였으며, 기존의 레이온 제품 대비 수축률 등 형태안정성과 신축특성이 발현될 수 있는 염색가공 공정 조건을 설정하였음. 먼저 전처리시 균일하고 안정적인 수축이 발생하도록 하여 최종 생산품의 형태안정성과 신축성이 유지 될 수 있는 최적의 조건을 설정하였음. 전처리는 저온 축소 후 고온에서 정련하는 공정이 환편물의 조직에 관계없이 우수하였으며, 비교적 견뢰도가 우수하다고 판단되는 시판 분산염료 및 반응성염료를 사용하여 Polyester/Rayon의 2욕 2단 염색을 진행하였음. 또한 시제품의 품위를 높이기 위해 레이온 섬유의 고유한 특성을 부여할 수 있는 유연처방을 사용하여 총 13종의 환편물을 개발할 수 있었으며, 이렇게 개발된 원단은 형태안정성 -2.5~1.0%, 신장회복률 83% 이상, 필링성 4-5급의 결과를 나타내었음.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2012

This study analyzed influence factors and the correlation among pollutants which affect occurrence of leaked pollution based on the long-term runoff flow and water quality investigation results to understand the characteristics of highway rainfall runoff pollution load. According to the result of correlation analysis on TSS (Total Suspended Solid) concentration, anteceded dry days, rainfall intensity, traffic volume and etc. as major influence factors of highway rainfall runoff pollution loads, the correlations were weak or scarce in most items. These results might be attributed that runoff pollutant concentration changes vary severely on changes of rainfall intensity and rainfall duration within rainfall and it is affected by disturbances of vehicles and street cleaning and etc. as characteristics of the highway. While Cu, Fe and Zn which are discharged with high concentrations out of heavy metals showed high correlation with particulate matter, organic matter(COD), nutrient(TN, TP), Ni and Pb showed relatively low correlation in a correlation evaluation by pollutant. Significant correlation with traffic volumes was not shown and TSS concentration even decreased in accordance with increase of the traffic volume. In the comparison with precedent studies, it was considered necessary additional analysis of the effects of rainfall section analysis, road type, disturbances of surface contaminants by vehicles, rainfall and climate conditions, surrounding terrains etc.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.343-356
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• 2020

This paper examines the associations of having a helper for domestic work or childcare and time spent on it by couples in South Korea. We use five waves of panel survey data from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families (KLoWF), which allows longitudinal changes within couples over time that account for potential selection effects and unobserved heterogeneity among individuals. With fixed effects, we find outsourcing is associated with a decrease in wife's time spent on domestic work or childcare by 1 hour per week. However, the decrease is concentrated on the unemployed wife's time, but not employed wife's time. In addition, outsourcing is not a significant factor for husband's time and the husband's share of total contribution. This may be because wives are the main provider of domestic work and childcare in Korea regardless of employment status or having any helper. Due to unequal contributions between husband and wife, using outsourcing also neither alleviates the employed wife's contribution nor changes the husband's contribution. However, the results may be underestimated because there are more common and diverse types of outsourcing in a broad sense, such as going out for dinner, buying prepared food, and using dry cleaning services. We expect future studies to consider more broad types of outsourcing and examine how relations with the couple's time use at home are different by type.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.106-112
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to define optimal conditions for wool blend fabric dyeing using Rhus verniciflua extract. K/S value, surface color change, the fastness to light, fastness to dry-cleaning, metal mordanting effects and antimicrobial activities were investigated. The results were summarized as follows; As the storage time of Rhus verniciflua stokes dyeing solution was longer, K/S was improved. K/S value showed the highest one when dyeing temperature and time were at 100oC and 60 minutes respectively. As for the changes of pH values of the dyeing solution, fabric was dyed well with the pH value of acid or neutral. K/S value recorded the highest at pH6 and the lowest at pH10. Fastness to light showed the unmordanted fabric is 2.84, and Fe is 1.69 on color difference. Antibacterial activities of Rhus verniciflua dyeing solution recorded high figures in both dyed fabric with unmordanted and dyed fabric with mordanting.