• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.171-178
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• 2009

The study was conducted to clarify the mixed seeding rate of whole crop barley with hood type and forage pea for using of forage crops and to compare the forage yield and quality. At a mixed seeding rate between the whole crop barley (WCB) and forage pea, The heading date and plant height of WCB were not a difference according to mixed seeding rate of forage pea. The tillers of the WCB were a decrease and plant of the forage pea were a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea. The lodging index of the WCB was a appearance with distribution of $0{\sim}3$, The lodging index of WCB with a 20kg/10a seeding rate of a only WCB without seeding of the forage pea was 3. The overwintering rate of forage pea was a appearance more than 90% at all treatment. The plant height of forage pea was a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea at 14 kg/10a and 20 kg/10a plots of WCB. At a mixed seeding between the WCB and forage pea, The fresh weight was a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea and was a appearance more than 3,000 kg at all treatment plot. But the dry matter weight was decrease according to increased seeding rates of forage pea. The dry matter weight of 20 kg/10a seeding rate of a only WCB without seeding of the forage pea showed the most amount with 1,266 kg. The crude protein (CP) content was a tendency to increase according to increased seeding rates of forage pea. But, the relative feed value (RFV) was a tendency to decrease according to increased seeding rate of forage pea. The highest RFV was 183.8 at 14 kg/10a seeding rate of a only WCB without seeding of the forage pea. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were a increase according to increased seeding rate of forage pea at 14 kg/10a and 20 kg/10a plots of WCB. The highest content of ADF and NDF were 23.9% and 46.3% at mixed seeding rate of 20 kg/10a of WCB with 10 kg/10a of forage pea, respectively. The highest sum of standardized score by fresh weight, dry matter weight, CP, ADF, NDF and RFV was 2.309 at mixed seeding rate of 20 kg/10a of WCB with 7.5 kg/10a of forage pea. The optimum mixed seeding rate was a considered judgment in the order of mixed seeding rate of 20 kg/10a of WCB with 7.5 kg/10a of forage pea, mixed seeding rate of 20 kg/10a of WCB with 5.0 kg/10a of forage pea.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.134-138
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of seeding time of ryegrass+hairy vetch on the nutrient contribution and growth of the crops. in order to develop utilization of cover crops as an organic nutrient source in a pear orchard. The study was conducted at a diligent farmer in Boseong in Chonnam, and the both ryegrass and hairy vetch applied on 1) 27 September, 2) 15 October, 3) 8 November, and 4) 10 December of 2008 as a cover crop treatment. Sod culture was refereed as a control. Growth of ryegrass was not affected by seeding time, but hairy vetch had fewer leaf and shoot number as seeding time advanced from September to December, and the similar trend was observed for the dry weight of the crops by seeding time. Seeding of cover crop on September was 2.6 times greater dry weight than those of the sod culture (362 kg/10a). Higher N concentration in cover crops occurred on early seeding time, and estimated N contribution from the cover crops was 16.9 kg/10a, which was 2.6 times greater than those of sod culture. $P_2O_5$ production from the cover crops was the greatest on seeding of October, and $K_2O$ production increased at earlier seeding time.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.442-448
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• 1992

In order to determine the critical seeding date in dry paddy field at southern plain area of Gyeongbug province, dry seeds of three different rice cultivars was sown April 25 to June 20 at 15 or 10-day intervals. The number of days from seeding to emergence decreased in late seeding date : from 32 days at April 25 to 7 days at June 10 sowing. The number of seedlings showed 121-154 plants per square meter were not much differed among the varieties and seeding dates. Culm length, panicle length and ripened grain ratio decreased in late seeding date, but number of panicles per square meter, 1,000 grain weight and spikelets number per panicle were similar among the seeding dates. The cumulative effective temperature(mean air temperature-15$^{\circ}C$) from emergence to heading was very constant having 655$\pm$9$^{\circ}C$ in Keomhobyeo, 771$\pm$9$^{\circ}C$ in Donghaebyeo and 801$\pm$3$^{\circ}C$ in Milyang 95, respectively. Grain yield of Dong Haebyeo seeded in June 20 and Milyang 95 seeded in June 10 were much lower compared with other seeding dates and increased green kernel in late seeding date of Donghaebyeo and Milyang 95.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1987

The study was conducted to identify growth habit of Monochoria vaginalis gathered from three different locations (Suweon, Jeonju and Milyang). The plant height, number of leaves and dry weight of M. vaginalis gathered from three different locations were greatly affected by the seeding dates. The earlier the seeds of M. varginalis sown, the greater M. vaginalis grew, In general, the earlier seeding dates produced significantly longer plant height, number of leaves and dry weight than those of later seeding dates, showing no difference in the collection of weed seeds in different locality. The earlier seeding dates resulted in the earlier flowering, but the interval between dates of seeding and flowering decreased progressively as the seeding times were delayed. Seed production was not significant among three locations and but seeding date on June 15 produced th highest seed production as compared with other seeding times. No. of flowers and capsule per pot among yield components were two major factors affecting seed production.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.212-219
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• 1985

The field experiment was conducted to study on the growth analysis of early variety, MTC-1, and late variety, Suweon 19, in response to seeding time at Suweon. The results summarized as follows: 1. Days required for Leaf-Formation(L-phase) of MTC-1 and Suweon 19 was same but that of Node-Thickening(N-phase) was quite different, e.g. late variety has two times longer. The period of Ear-Development (E-phase) in MTC-1 was 41 days and 53 days in Suweon 19. L-and N-phase were shortened by late seeding but E-phase was not influenced by seeding time. 2. Leaf Area Index(LAI) was decreased and Leaf Area Ratio(LAR) was increased by late seeding. Days required to maximum LAR was less by late seeding. Net Assimilation Rate(NAR) of L-, N-, and E-phase was decreased but its tendency in E-phase was remarkable at late seeding. 3. Crop Growth Rate(CGR) was increased gradually in the process of plant growth and it was the highest at Husk-stage. Relative Growth Rate(RGR) was increased in L-phase and was decreased in N- and E-phase, but its tendency in N-phase was great. 4. The period required to the maximum dry matter yield was shortened by late seeding and dry matter yield was increased by early seeding.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.757-763
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• 2003

In order to establish the optimal soil moisture, seeding date and nitrogen fertilization, yield and its components grown at 3 different seeding dates and 2 nitrogen fertilizations were compared and analyzed in adaly(Coix lachyma-jobi L. var. mayuen). The results are summarized as follows: Heading date and maturity date were earlier in early seeding date than in late seeding date. Days to heading was shortened as the seeding date was late. Stem length, stem diameter, and tiller number were increased in irrigation than control, and were decreased as the seeding date was late. The top and the root dry weight were increased in irrigation than in control, and were decreased as the seeding date was late. Net photosynthetic rate was increased significantly in irrigation. Occurrance of leaf blight disease was much lower in irrigation than in control. 1000 grain weight and grain yield were higher in irrigation than in control, and were decreased as the seeding date was late. Rate of sterility was lower in irrigation than in control.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 1997

The effect of different cultural patterns on the growth and herbicidal response of rice(Oryza sativa L.) and barnyardgrass(Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzicola) was studied tinder direct-seeded rice and early rice seedling conditions. In dry-seeded rice condition, the growth of rice and barnyardgrass was the greatest in 3cm-seeding depth and 40% soil moisture, respectively. At 10 days after herbicide application, plant height of rice was severely inhibited in 1cm-seeding depth and 50% soil moisture, and the degree of inhibition was severer at application of pendi+molinate EC as compared to that of butachlor EC. On the other hand, plant heigth of barnyardgrass by treatment of herbicides was severely reduced regardless of seeding depth and soil moisture. The lengths of barnyardgrass mesocotyl and rice coleoptile were increased with increasing seeding depth and were severely inhibited by applied herbicides in 1cm-seeding depth under dry-seeded rice condition. The dry weight of rice at different leaching times after herbicides application showed slightly decreasing trend as the leaching time was delayed, but the growth of barnyardgrass was very severely inhibited regardless of the leaching time. In addition, the phytotoxicity of rice showed decreasing trend with the increase in transplanting depth and delay of application time under early rice seedling condition.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.249-258
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• 2007

Experiments were conducted with aims to (1) estimate the biomass yield potential, (2) characterize the biomass and digestible dry matter production, and (3) reveal the characteristic seedling establishment of a whole crop rice variety, Nogyangbyeo, in dry- and wet-seeded rice. Maximum aboveground total biomass of Nogyangbyeo was 18 t $ha^{-1}$ in dry-seeded rice and 20 t $ha^{-1}$ in wet-seeded rice. Biomass yield potential of Nogyangbyeo was lower than that of Dasanbyeo. Comparatively, Nogyangbyeo was straw-dependent and Dasanbyeo was grain-dependent for biomass accumulation. Percentage of digestible dry matter (DDM) was higher in panicles than straw. Digestible dry matter yield was determined mainly by biomass yield rather than DDM percentage. Number of seedling establishment in Nogyangbyeo was $73m^{-2}$ in dry-seeded rice and $109m^{-2}$ in wet-seeded rice. Poor seedling establishment of dry-seeded Nogyangbyeo in the field condition was the result of low seed germination under low temperature and poor seedling emergence by deep sowing. Low seedling emergence rate of Nogyangbyeo was attributed mainly to slow elongation growth by slow leaf development and partly to mesocotyl and 1st internode lengths, not to genetically defined leaf length. The slow elongation growth of Nogyangbyeo was the same even in the high daily mean temperature of $24^{\circ}C$. Results suggest DDM yield in rice can be improved simply by increasing biomass and whole crop rice varieties should be adaptable to direct-seeding.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.214-222
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• 1998

These experiments were conducted to investigate water uptake, electrical conductivity, germination percentage, seedling growth, and seedling establishment rate in direct seeding cultivation of rice. The rice seeds of six japonica type varieties were coated with 12 kinds of polymers in a standard concentration of 0.2% using seed coating machine. The water absorption of the polymer-coated seeds under saturation conditions was not different among varieties, and was the highest in kulcel, maltrin, and waterlock on the polymer-coated seeds. The electrical conductivity with waterlock (55.0 $\mu scm^{-1}g^{-1}$) was higher than the control plot (45.6 $\mu scm^{-1}g^{-1}$) and other treatments. The germination of the polymer-coated seeds was 95.9% at control plot, 92.7% at low temperature and 35.7% at high temperature. The total dry weight of seed decreased in the order of low temperature, control plot, and high temperature, and was effective in pvp (polyvinyl pyrrolidone), opadry, and sacrust. The seedling establishment rate in direct seeding cultivation ranged from 74.9 to 81.0% in flooded paddy surface, and ranged from 64.7 to 76.6% in dry paddy. In both cases, it decreased in the order of early, medium and medium-late varieties, but was enhanced in daran 8600, sepirect, and sacrust. According to this study the recommended polymers for direct seeding cultivation of rice are daran 8600, sepirect, and sacrust.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.289-297
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• 1995

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the competitive characteristics of weeds with direct-seeded rice. In both dry- and water-seeded rice a weeds) started to grow over the plant height of rice from 45 days after seeding, and there was a great difference in plant height between rice and weeds from 75 days after seeding. Dry weights of weeds drastically increased from 30 days after seeding in both dry- and water-seeded rice, and the increase of dry weight was faster in dry-seeded rice than in water-seeded rice with time. Although weeds competed with rice at earlier growth stages, they did not reduce rice yields and its components until competition period of 75 days after seeding. Required period of weed free at the beginning of the season was 30 to 45 days from seeding in order to avoid any yield loss. The numbers of panicle per plant, spikelets per panicle, grain weight and yield of rice in dry-seeded rice had highly negative correlations with the growth ratios of Echinochloa crus-galli, Ludwigia prostrata, Cyperus difformis, Bidens frondosa, and Cyperus serotinus. In water-seeded rice, the number of plants, panicle per plant, spikelets per panicle and yield had highly negative correlations with growth rate of Echinochloa crus-galli, but the percentage of filled spikelet had negative correlation with Cyperus difformis. Research indicated that in direct-seeded rice weed competition with rice started from 30 days after seeding and significant yield loss by weed competition occurred from 75 days after seeding.