• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.101 no.2
• /
• pp.317-323
• /
• 2012

This study was performed in order to explore the growth characteristics by growing stage in the containerized seedling and the bare root seedling of Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc., which is the major plantation species of Korean southland. The height growth of 1-year-old bare root seedlings was better than containerized seedlings, which grew in the containers with capacity of 31.2 mL and 300 mL. The root collar diameter growth was the best in the containerized seedlings of container with 300 mL. The 2-year-old bare root seedlings were surveyed to be better in the height and root collar diameter growth than the containerized seedlings of container with 300 mL. In the comparison of dry mass production, it was the highest in 32 mL containerized seedlings as for 1-year-old above ground and in 300 mL containerized seedlings as for below-ground and total dry mass production. In case of 2-year-old seedlings, it was indicated to be high in bare root seedling as for the part above ground and in dry mass production of the containerized seedling as for the part below ground. In the comparison on root morphological traits of seedlings such as the total root length, the root project area, the root surface area, the average diameter in root, and the root volume, all of 1 and 2-year -old containerized seedlings showed the higher growth than the bare root seedlings except the average diameter in root. Synthesizing the results of this experiment, the containerized seedlings are relatively excellent in root development compared to bare root seedlings in the process of producing seedlings of C. obtusa, thereby being judged to have grown into excellent seedlings.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.103-115
• /
• 2003

In order to investigate the possibility for use to control environmental pollution, Kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus L.) was used to obtain information of their growth and $CO_2$ response under different temperatures and $CO_2$ concentration. The highest percentage of germination and aboveground dry mass of Kenaf were found at 30$^{\circ}C$ and 35$^{\circ}C$ by 89.0% and 3.2g, respectively under different temperatures. The amount of $CO_2$ absorption and aboveground dry mass production of Kenaf were higher than those of maize during the whole growing period and the last sampling of aboveground dry mass of Kenaf and maize were 252.9g and 200.8g, respectively. The highest plant height was found at 400ppm by 131.0cm and the next was in the order of 600ppm by 1293cm, and 800ppm by 108.8cm. Leaf area was higher in the order of 400ppm > 600ppm > 800ppm, whereas leaf dry mass was in the order of 800ppm > 600ppm > 400ppm under different $CO_2$ concentration, showing that leaf became thicker as $CO_2$ concentration was increased. Days from seeding to flowering became shorter by 13 days in 35/25$^{\circ}C$ compared with 25/15$^{\circ}C$ between two temperature regimes and they also became shorter as $CO_2$ concentration was increased. Aboveground dry mass was higher in 35/25$^{\circ}C$ than that of 25/15$^{\circ}C$ between two temperature regimes. while it was increased in the order of 800ppm > 600ppm > 400ppm as CO2 concentration was increased. Temporal changes of leaf dry mass during growth period showed no difference between $CO_2$ concentration in 25/15$^{\circ}C$ , but the highest of it was found at 800ppm in 35/25$^{\circ}C$. The highest temporaI increase of root dry mass was found at 800ppm in 25/15$^{\circ}C$, but 35/25$^{\circ}C$ showed no difference between different $CO_2$ concentration.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.172-176
• /
• 2008

To develop a potent strain for the production of coenzyme $Q_{10}$, a photosynthetic bacterium was isolated from silt of the Nakdong River in Korea. Using l6S-rDNA sequence analysis, the isolated strain was identified as Rhodobacter sphaeroides. A stable improvement in its $CoQ_{10}$ content was achieved by chemical mutation, upon which the content of $CoQ_{10}$(2.94 mg/g dry cell) was increased by approximately 1.9-fold, comparable to that of R. sphaeroides reported in other studies. The isolate is a potentially valuable microorganism for mass production of $CoQ_{10}$, and may provide an appropriate model for further study of economical mass production.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.187-194
• /
• 1998

For mass production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), high cell density cultures of Alcaligenes eutrophus by fed-batch culture under phosphate-limitation condition has been investigated. PHA accumulation by the regulation by the regulation of initial phosphate concentration could be automatically induced, and high density cell culture above 200 g/L also could be successfully produced. The production of Poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and dry cell weight increased with increasing the initial phosphate concentration. When the initial concentrations of phosphate were in the ranges of 1.5~4.5 g-PO$_4$/L, PHB and dry cell weight obtained were 83~266 g/L and 61~216 g/L, respectively, and PHB productivity was in the ranges of 1.35~3.10 g/L.h. When a mixture of glucose and propionic acid is used as carbon sources, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-poly-3-hydroxyvalerate), P(3HB-co-3HV), could be also successfully produced under phosphate limitation condition. When the mole ratio of propionic acid to glucose in the feeding solution is 0.22, a final dry cell weight of 150 g/L and a P(3-HB-co-3HV) of 90 g/L were produced. Morphological changes and size distribution of PHB granules synthesized in A. eutrophus under phosphate-limitation condition are determined by TEM during the course of fed-batch. Mean granule diameters of PHB produced are in the range of 0.36~0.39 $\mu$m, and mean cell size was elongated from 0.54~0.59 $\mu$m$\times$ 1.3~1.5 $\mu$m to 0.83~0.89 $\mu$m $\times$2.0~2.3 $\mu$m. Phosphate concentration in media did not affect size distribution of PHB granule and cell.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.128-134
• /
• 2008

The kinetics of cell growth and Cyclosporin A (Cyc A) production by Tolypocladium inflatum were studied in shake flasks and bioreactors under controlled and uncontrolled pH conditions. In the case of the shake flask, the production time was extended to 226 h and the maximal antibiotic concentration was 76 mg/l. When scaling up the cultivation process to a bioreactor level, the production time was reduced to only 70h with a significant increase in both the cell growth and the antibiotic production. The maximal dry cell weights in the case of the controlled pH and uncontrolled pH cultures in the bioreactor were 22.4g/l and 14.2g/l, respectively. The corresponding maximal dry cell weight values did not exceed 7.25g/l with the shake flask cultures. The maximal values for Cyc A production were 144.72 and 131.4 mg/l for the controlled and uncontrolled pH cultures, respectively. It is also worth noting that a significant reduction was observed in both the dry cell mass and the antibiotic concentration after the Cyc A production phase, whereas the highest rate of antibiotic degradation was observed in the stirred tank bioreactor with an uncontrolled pH. Morphological characterization of the micromorphological cell growth (mycelial/pellet forms) was also performed during cultivation in the bioreactor.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.9-17
• /
• 2006

In the modem society of Japan, specially before and after the World War II, one of the most important problem is socially to build housing of working classes. In those days, Ken Ichiura had been led the dwelling of modem Japanese architecture. He had worked in wide spheres of action like private residence, public housing, collective housing area and urban planning for about fifty years. But until now, because studies on public housing of Japan has been discussed only aspect of architectural design, there was almost no study about Ken Ichiura who acted in practical affairs. So this study aims to consider about the Ken Ichiura's research on dwelling and the relation with the then social circumstance. It was summarized as four details of Ken Ichiura's activities on Dwellings before the end of World War II. First, he proposed half-government-supervised system by economic reason on provision of dwellings. Second, he proposed dry construction system by material and structural reason on economic and stability supply. Third, he proposed standardization and industrialization by economic reason on industrialization form material to construction of industry. And the last, he also proposed standard plan and standard design by economical and mass production supply dwellings during the war.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.273-278
• /
• 2002

Two-step fed-batch fermentations were carried out to overproduce Bacillus licheniformis maltogenic amylase (BLMA) in recombinant Escherichia coli. The first step was to increase the cell mass by controlling the feeding of a glucose solution, while the second step was designed to improve the amylase expression efficiency by supplementing organic nitrogen sources. The linear gradient feeding method was successfully adopted to maintain the glucose concentration below 0.2 g/l during the fed-batch mode, as effectively minimizing acetic acid formation. When the dissolved oxygen (DO) level became limiting, an accumulation of acetic acid and drastic decrease in specific BLMA productivity were observed. Glucose and organic nitrogen sources consisting of yeast extract and casein hydrolysate were simultaneously supplied in the pH-stat mode to further increase the specific BLMA expression efficiency. An organic nitrogen source consisting of 200 g/1 yeast extract and 100 g/1 casein hydrolysate was found to be the best among the various combinations tested. The feeding of an organic nitrogen source in the second-step fed-batch period was highly beneficial in enhancing the BLMA production. The optimized two-step fed-batch culture resulted in 78 g/l maximum dry cell mass and 443 U/ml maximum BLMA activity, corresponding to 1.5-fold increase in the dry cell mass and 3.7-fold enhancement in BLMA production, compared with the simple fed-batch fermentation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.311-318
• /
• 2002

Planting date of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of production components in cultural systems. The objective of the current study was to identify the components of soybean production and cultural practices encompassing planting dates and cultivars that respond to dry matter accumulation, harvest index and yield components. Three determinate soybean cultivars were planted on May 13 (early), June 3 (mid), and June 24 (late). Planting density was 60$\times$15cm with 2 seeds (222,000 plants per ha). Soybean plants were sampled every 10 days interval from the growth stages of V5 to R8 and separated into leaves including petioles, stems, pods, and seeds. Dry matter accumulations, harvest indices, and yield components were measured. Early planting had taken 55 days from VE to R2 and late planting taken 39 days indicating reduced vegetative growth. Early planting showed higher leaf, stem, pod and seed dry weights than late planting. However, late planting appeared to be higher harvest index and harvesting rate. Vegetative mass including leaf and stem increased to a maximum around R4/R5 and total dry weight increased to a maximum around R5/R6 and then declined slightly at R8. The highest seed yield was obtained with mid planting and no difference was found between early and late plantings. Cultivar differences were found among planting dates on growth characteristics and yield components. The results of this experiment indicated that soybean yield in relation to planting dates examined was mainly associated with harvest index and harvesting rate, and planting date of cultivars would be considered soybean plants to reach the growth stage of R4/R5 after mid August for adequate seed yield.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.9 no.5
• /
• pp.593-603
• /
• 1999

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) production by fermentation was examined under both restricted- and ample-oxygen supply conditions in a single fed-batch fermentation. Recombinant Escherichia coli transformed with the PHB production plasmid pSYLl07 was grown to reach high cell density (227 g/l dry cell weight) with a high PHB content (78％ of dry cell weight), using a glucose-based minimal medium. A simple flux model containing 12 fluxes was developed and applied to the fermentation data. A superior closure (95％) of the carbon mass balance was achieved. When the data were put into use, the results demonstrated a surprisingly large excretion of formate and lactate. Even though periods of severe oxygen limitation coincided with rapid acetate and lactate excretion, PHB productivity and carbon utilization efficiency were not significantly impaired. These results are very positive in reducing oxygen demand in an industrial PHA fermentation without sacrificing its PHA productivity, thereby reducing overall production costs.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.46-53
• /
• 2002

The study was carried out to determine the growth and biomass production of deciduous trees including Betula pendula, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Cornus controversa subjected to artificial shade treatment of three levels in nursery field. The results were as follows; The height growth of seedlings was no difference subjected to artificial shade treatment. The root collar diameters of the relative growth rates of seedlings grown in full sun showed 29-32% as compared with those subjected to the shade treatment of 7-10% light intensities of full sun. Corrus controversa of the root collar diameters of the relative growth rates were better in the seedlings grown in 26-34% light intensities of full sun. Total dry mass including the dry mass of leaves, shoot and root were as a whole decreased with shade treatment. The ratio of the dry mass of leaves and stem increased the dry mass of root. T/R ratio of the seedlings increased by decreasing the relative light intensity. And the T/R ratio of 7-10% light intensities of full sun was ranged from 1.00~2.27 were greater in the full sun light was ranged from 0.51~l.13. Light intensity by artificial shade treatment decreased in deciduous trees when compared on the whole, it showed tendency that SLA increases, increased that seeing resemblant tendency in LAR and LWR and changed of light intensity is strong, it increased that showed difference as statistical.