• Title/Summary/Keyword: Dry forests

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Termite Resistance of Impregnated Jabon Wood (Anthocephalus Cadamba Miq.) with Combined Impregnant Agents

  • Arsyad, Wa Ode Muliastuty;Basri, Efrida;Hendra, Djeni;Trisatya, Deazy Rachmi
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.47 no.4
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    • pp.451-458
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    • 2019
  • Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) is a fast-growing species that exhibits a lower natural resistance than that exhibited by the timber sourced from natural forests. Jabon's resistance to termite attack can be improved by impregnating its wood structure with poisonous organic materials. This study examined jabon's resistance to termite attack when impregnated with wood vinegar and an animal adhesive. The wood specimens were impregnated using sengon wood vinegar and an animal adhesive (8% and 10%, respectively) using a vacuum pressure machine. The specimens were tested for their resistance to subterranean and dry-wood termites according to Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7207-2014). The results denoted that jabon impregnated with wood vinegar and an animal adhesive concentration of at least 8% with the addition of 4% borate was effective to resist termite attacks. The impregnated jabon exhibited a lower weight loss and higher termite mortality when compared with those exhibited by the control specimens. Thus, the resistance class improved from class IV to class I.

The Impact of Climate Change on Fire

  • Eun-Hee JEON;Eun-Gu, HAM
    • Journal of Wellbeing Management and Applied Psychology
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    • v.7 no.4
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    • pp.15-20
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    • 2024
  • Purpose: Climate change is greatly affecting the frequency and intensity of fires around the world. The main effects of climate change on fires are rising temperatures, dry seasons and extreme droughts, changes in precipitation, increased strong winds, extended fire danger periods, and changes in natural ecosystems. Several factors due to climate change are increasing the risk of large-scale fires, such as wildfires. Research design, data and methodology: Rising temperatures caused by climate change will make forests and grasslands drier, make it easier for wildfires to occur in drier environments and spread quickly to wider areas, and the generated wildfires will release large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), and the released greenhouse gases will strengthen the global greenhouse effect, further raising the temperature. As temperatures rise, the risk of wildfires increases in drier environments, and this process is repeated, leading to a vicious cycle of intensifying climate change as more fires occur and more greenhouse gases are released. Results: In conclusion, climate change is increasing the risk of fire occurrence and this phenomenon is expected to become more frequent and severe in the future. Conclusions: In order to cope with the increasing fire risk caused by climate change, fire prevention and management. Fire detection and response systems need to be strengthened, supportive policies and international cooperation are needed to restore ecosystems, and these measures, along with fire prevention, management and countermeasures, should take into account long-term climate change and adaptation as well as short-term responses.

Temporal variation of ecosystem carbon pools along altitudinal gradient and slope: the case of Chilimo dry afromontane natural forest, Central Highlands of Ethiopia

  • Tesfaye, Mehari A.;Gardi, Oliver;Bekele, Tesfaye;Blaser, Jurgen
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.43 no.2
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    • pp.161-182
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    • 2019
  • Quantifying the amount of carbon pools in forest ecosystems enables to understand about various carbon pools in the forest ecosystem. Therefore, this study was conducted in the Chilimo dry afromontane forest to estimate the amount of carbon stored. The natural forest was stratified into three forest patches based on species composition, diversity, and structure. A total of 50 permanent sample plots of 20 m × 20 m (400 ㎡ ) each were established, laid out on transects of altitudinal gradients with a distance of 100 m between plots. The plots were measured twice in 2012 and 2017. Tree, deadwood, mineral soil, forest floor, and stump data were collected in the main plots, while shrubs, saplings, herbaceous plants, and seedling data were sampled inside subplots. Soil organic carbon (SOC %) was analyzed following Walkely, while Black's procedure and bulk density were estimated following the procedure of Blake (Methods of soil analysis, 1965). Aboveground biomass was calculated using the equation of Chave et al. (Glob Chang Biol_20:3177-3190, 2014). Data analysis was made using RStudio software. To analyze equality of means, we used ANOVA for multiple comparisons among elevation classes at α = 0.05. The aboveground carbon of the natural forest ranged from 148.30 ± 115.02 for high altitude to 100.14 ± 39.93 for middle altitude, was highest at 151.35 ± 108.98 t C ha-1 for gentle slope, and was lowest at 88.01 ± 49.72 t C ha-1 for middle slope. The mean stump carbon density 2.33 ± 1.64 t C ha-1 was the highest for the middle slope, and 1.68 ± 1.21 t C ha-1 was the lowest for the steep slope range. The highest 1.44 ± 2.21 t C ha-1 deadwood carbon density was found under the middle slope range, and the lowest 0.21 ± 0.20 t C ha-1 was found under the lowest slope range. The SOCD up to 1 m depth was highest at 295.96 ± 80.45 t C ha-1 under the middle altitudinal gradient; however, it was lowest at 206.40 ± 65.59 t C ha-1 under the lower altitudinal gradient. The mean ecosystem carbon stock density of the sampled plots in natural forests ranged from 221.89 to 819.44 t C ha-1. There was a temporal variation in carbon pools along environmental and social factors. The highest carbon pool was contributed by SOC. We recommend forest carbon-related awareness creation for local people, and promotion of the local knowledge can be regarded as a possible option for sustainable forest management.

A Study on the Characteristics of Paridae Nesting Material by Urban Green Area Type (도시녹지 유형별 박새과 둥지 재료 특성 연구)

  • Kim, Kyeong-Tae;Lee, Hyun-Jung;Kim, Whee-Moon;Kim, Seoung-Yeal;Song, Wonkyong
    • Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.256-264
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    • 2021
  • Rapid urbanization around the world has negatively affected wildlife habitats, including birds. Wild birds settled in the city are adapting to the changed surroundings, and are typically known to make nests using materials that are easy to find around the city. This study was conducted for the purpose of analyzing the nesting materials on the Paridae using artificial bird nests installed in cities. In this study, the researchers established a total of 33 artificial bird nests in urban parks (22) and forests (11) in Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do. Then we collected 4 artificial bird nests in urban parks (18.19%) and 5 in urban forests (45.46%) to compare the characteristics of bird nest materials by the nest, species, and urban green area types. Eight nests, excluding a nest abandoned by a pair of Paridae, were used for the material analysis. The collected nests were dried, and classified into natural materials (vegetable materials, animal materials, moss, and soil) and artificial materials (cotton, paper pieces, plastics, vinyl, and synthetic fibers), and then each nest was weighed. The classification result shows that the portion of moss (50.65%) was the highest in all nests, followed by soil (21.43%), artificial material (13.95%), vegetable material (5.78%), animal material (4.57%), and others (3.59%) in that order. Artificial materials were used in all nests in urban green areas. Moreover, although the Paridae used about 5.16% more vegetable material than the Parus varius, it was not significant (t=2.17, p=0.07). Plant materials and soil were most preferred in urban forests, and moss, animal, and artificial materials were widely used in that order in urban parks. There was a significant difference in the use of vegetable materials between urban parks and urban forests (t=3.07, p<0.05*). In the habitats like urbanized and dry areas, where artificial materials are highly accessible, artificial materials replaced some roles of natural materials. This study is a basic study for the analysis of the types of materials used in artificial bird nests to understand the habitat system of urban ecosystems. It can be used as the basic data for ecological studies and conservation of the Paridae species.

Biomass Productivity and its Vertical Allocation of Natural Pinus densiflora Forests by Stand Density (백두산 동북부지역 소나무 천연림에서 밀도에 따른 임분의 Biomass 생산성 및 수직 배분)

  • ;Xianyu Meng
    • Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.92-99
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    • 1999
  • This study was carried out to understand the primary production of biomass, vertical biomass distribution in the stand and the difference of biomass production for part of the trees by stand density for natural Pinus densiflora forest at Mt. Baekdoo located in northeastern China. The primary production of biomass was estimated by the layers of trees, shrubs, herbs for five density classes. For the biomass estimation of the Pinus densiflora trees in stern, stembark and the above-ground tree, the regression model of logW = a + blog(D$^2$H) + c(D$^2$H) was adapted for all of the density classes where W is dry weight, D$_1$ diameter at breast height, and H, tree height. For the biomass estimation in branch and needle, and the needle area, the regression model of logW=a+blogD+cD was adapted for all of the density classes. With increasing stand density the biomass of trees increased but that of shrubs and herbs decreased. Net primary production of biomass in parts of the tree also increased with increasing stand density. However the percentage of the needle biomass among the total biomass in the above-ground tree decreased with increasing stand density. Consequently, primary production rate of biomass in the above-ground tree increased. The primary production of biomass for each part of the trees in natural Pinus densiflora natural forests showed in descending order : stern, needle, branch, and stembark regardless of stand density.

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Study of Habitat Environment and Species Diversity-based on Alien Plant, Phytolacca americana L. in Korea

  • Choi, Dong-Hui;Ryu, Tae-Bok;Kim, DeokKi;Kim, Dong-Eon;Lee, Jung-Hyo;Kim, Nam-Young
    • Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.321-337
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    • 2018
  • The characteristics of 124 Phytolacca americana present areas and 88 surrounding absent areas over the country were investigated and compared from July 2016 to Sept 2017. The Phytolacca americana was confirmed as having been nationally distributed and is usually found in roadsides at an altitude of 380 m (26%), forest edges (24%), forests (19%), sunny spots (60%), dry soils (53%), sandy loams (31%) and sand+gravel soils (22%). 321 taxons consisting of 79 families, 209 genera, 289 species, 2 subspecies, 26 varieties and 4 cultivars and 286 taxons consisting of 76 families, 195 genera, 256 species, 2 subspecies, 24 varieties and 4 cultivars were found in the Phytolacca americana present areas and the absent areas, respectively. The relative net contribution degree was found highest in the Phytolacca americana (100) followed by Robinia pseudoacacia (29.4), Humulus japonicus (8.8) and Artemisia princeps (6.0) in the present areas, while it was found highest in Robinia pseudoacacia (100) followed by Humulus japonicus (44.4), Artemisia princeps (35.9), Pueraria lobata (18.6) and Setaria viridis (12.3) in the absent areas. The Raunkier's life form in the present/absent areas was found highest in the therophytes (34%/34%), followed by hemicryptophytes (17%/18%), megaphanerophytes and mesophanerophytes (18%/17%), nanophanerophytes (11%/11%) and geophytes (9%/11%). There was no significant difference in the species diversity between the present (2.141) and the absent (2.124) areas. However, the allelopathic agent and light blocked-out by the Phytolacca americana could possibly inhibit germination and the development of other species; especially, where a difference in species diversity was found high in forests, compared to other habitats (p=0.0605). Accordingly, it is suggested to review possible disturbances of native species habitats in shady spots including forest gaps, although the effect of Phytolacca americana on the ecological system in the suburban open and disturbed areas is not large.

Aboveground and Soil Carbon Storages in Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis Natural Forest Ecosystems in Chungju (충주지역(忠州地域)의 신갈나무와 굴참나무 천연림(天然林) 생태계(生態系)의 지상부(地上部) 및 토양(土壤) 중(中) 탄소고정(炭素固定)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Park, Gwan-Soo
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.88 no.1
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    • pp.93-100
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    • 1999
  • This study has been carried out to estimate aboveground and soil carbon contents in an average 39-year-old Quercus mongolica and 40-year-old Quercus variabilis stands in Chungju, Chungbuk. Ten sample trees were cut in each forest and soil samples were collected. Aboveground carbon content was estimated by the equation model $Wt=aD^b$ where Wt is oven-dry weight in kg and D is DBH in cm. Total aboveground carbon content was 48.85tonC/ha in Quercus mongolica stand and 57.49tonC/ha in Quercus variabilis stand. The proportion of each tree component to total aboveground carbon content was high in order of bolewood, branches, bolebark, and leaves in the two forests. Aboveground net primary production was estimated at 5.88tonC/ha in Quercus mongolica stand and 5.12tonC/ha in Quercus variabilis stand. Soil carbon content was 67.0tonC/ha in Quercus mongolica stand, 67.8tonC/ha in Quercus variabilis stand, and 54.7tonC/ha in Pinus densiflora stand. There was no significant difference in soil carbon content among the three forests.

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Forest Fire Risk Analysis Using a Grid System Based on Cases of Wildfire Damage in the East Coast of Korean Peninsula (동해안 산불피해 사례기반 격자체계를 활용한 산불위험분석)

  • Kuyoon Kim ;Miran Lee;Chang Jae Kwak;Jihye Han
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.39 no.5_2
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    • pp.785-798
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    • 2023
  • Recently, forest fires have become frequent due to climate change, and the size of forest fires is also increasing. Forest fires in Korea continue to cause more than 100 ha of forest fire damage every year. It was found that 90% of the large-scale wildfires that occurred in Gangwon-do over the past five years were concentrated in the east coast area. The east coast area has a climate vulnerable to forest fires such as dry air and intermediate wind, and forest conditions of coniferous forests. In this regard, studies related to various forest fire analysis, such as predicting the risk of forest fires and calculating the risk of forest fires, are being promoted. There are many studies related to risk analysis for forest areas in consideration of weather and forest-related factors, but studies that have conducted risk analysis for forest-friendly areas are still insufficient. Management of forest adjacent areas is important for the protection of human life and property. Forest-adjacent houses and facilities are greatly threatened by forest fires. Therefore, in this study, a grid-based forest fire-related disaster risk map was created using factors affected by forest-neighboring areas using national branch numbers, and differences in risk ratings were compared for forest areas and areas adjacent to forests based on Gangneung forest fire cases.

Evaluating non-coincident Cadastral Parcel Using Google Earth Web (Google Earth Web을 활용한 지목 불부합 필지 평가)

  • Kim, Dae-Ho;Um, Jung-Sup
    • Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
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    • 2010.06a
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    • pp.9-18
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    • 2010
  • This study investigated the cadastral non-coincidence between real land using and cadastral book using Google Earth Web for difficult area to access that is more efficient method compared with field survey for saving time and money. An reading error has occurred eight parcels about dry field and paddy field but this method is more powerful in case of a danger area of steep, unregistered cemeteries of cadastral book using Google Earth Web of image interpretation that method takes 1 day, the accuracy is 96% and improved 20% more than field survey takes 5 days by 40 parcels. It's possible to reduce the manpower, time and budget could be minimized. In particular, it is need to land alteration of forests and fields category that finds 47 locations a burial ground of non register cadastre book. Google Earth Web method is enabling easy visual analysis of the future land administration of local governments to improving the reliability of temporal and economic costs can be very useful to reduce.

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Changes of the Amount of Forest Floor Organic Matter in Deciduous Forest along the Altitudinal Gradient (낙엽활엽수림에 있어서 표고 경도에 따른 임상유기물량의 변화)

  • Yi, Myong-Jong
    • Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.72-80
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    • 1995
  • Altitudinal effects on the accumulation of O layer were examined for deciduous broad-leaved forests in the experimental forest of Kangwon National University. There found a marked increased towards the higher altitudes in the thickness of O layer. These trends could be observed conspicuously on the F2 and H layers. The relation between thickness (X, cm) and dry weight (Y, $kg/m^2$) of O layer was approximated by linear regression equations;Y($kg/m^2$ = aX(cm). The values of coefficient "a" for the F2, H and F2+H layers were 0.43, 0.61 and 0.53, respectively. Bulk densities of the accumulated organic matter estimated nearly to be $45g/dm^2$ in F2 layer, $60g/dm^2$ in H layer and $55g/dm^2$ in F2+H layer. The amount of O layer ranged from 13ton/ha for the forest at 280m in altitude to 41ton/ha for the upper forest at 710m in altitude. Among these total amount of the O layer, F1, F2 and H layer occupied to be 5~10ton/ha, 5~11ton/ha and 13~40ton/ha, respectively.

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