Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회지)

Korean Society of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on the Characteristics of Paridae Nesting Material by Urban Green Area Type

도시녹지 유형별 박새과 둥지 재료 특성 연구

  • 김경태 (단국대학교 대학원 생명공학대학 환경원예조경학과) ;
  • 이현정 (단국대학교 대학원 생명공학대학 환경원예조경학과) ;
  • 김휘문 (단국대학교 대학원 생명공학대학 환경원예조경학과) ;
  • 김성열 (단국대학교 대학원 생명공학대학 환경원예조경학과) ;
  • 송원경 (단국대학교 생명공학대학 환경원예조경학부)
  • Received : 2021.01.21
  • Accepted : 2021.06.07
  • Published : 2021.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Rapid urbanization around the world has negatively affected wildlife habitats, including birds. Wild birds settled in the city are adapting to the changed surroundings, and are typically known to make nests using materials that are easy to find around the city. This study was conducted for the purpose of analyzing the nesting materials on the Paridae using artificial bird nests installed in cities. In this study, the researchers established a total of 33 artificial bird nests in urban parks (22) and forests (11) in Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do. Then we collected 4 artificial bird nests in urban parks (18.19%) and 5 in urban forests (45.46%) to compare the characteristics of bird nest materials by the nest, species, and urban green area types. Eight nests, excluding a nest abandoned by a pair of Paridae, were used for the material analysis. The collected nests were dried, and classified into natural materials (vegetable materials, animal materials, moss, and soil) and artificial materials (cotton, paper pieces, plastics, vinyl, and synthetic fibers), and then each nest was weighed. The classification result shows that the portion of moss (50.65%) was the highest in all nests, followed by soil (21.43%), artificial material (13.95%), vegetable material (5.78%), animal material (4.57%), and others (3.59%) in that order. Artificial materials were used in all nests in urban green areas. Moreover, although the Paridae used about 5.16% more vegetable material than the Parus varius, it was not significant (t=2.17, p=0.07). Plant materials and soil were most preferred in urban forests, and moss, animal, and artificial materials were widely used in that order in urban parks. There was a significant difference in the use of vegetable materials between urban parks and urban forests (t=3.07, p<0.05*). In the habitats like urbanized and dry areas, where artificial materials are highly accessible, artificial materials replaced some roles of natural materials. This study is a basic study for the analysis of the types of materials used in artificial bird nests to understand the habitat system of urban ecosystems. It can be used as the basic data for ecological studies and conservation of the Paridae species.

전 세계적으로 진행된 급속한 도시화는 조류를 비롯한 야생동물 서식환경에 부정적인 영향을 야기하였다. 도시에 정착한 야생조류는 변화한 주변 환경에 적응하고 있으며, 대표적으로 박새과 조류는 도시주변에서 구하기 쉬운 재료를 이용하여 둥지를 만드는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 도시에 설치된 인공새집을 이용하는 박새과 조류의 둥지 재료를 분석할 목적으로 수행되었다. 연구를 위해 연구진은 충남 천안시에 있는 도시공원(22개)과 산림(11개) 내 총 33개의 인공새집을 설치하였다. 도시공원에서 4개(18.19%), 도시산림에서 5개(45.46%)의 인공새집이 이용되었으며, 둥지를 수거해 둥지 재료를 둥지별, 종별, 도시녹지 유형별로 비교했다. 이소 전 둥지를 포기한 박새 한쌍을 제외한 8개의 둥지가 재료 분석에 활용되었고 수거한 둥지는 건조과정을 거친 후 자연재료(식물성재료, 동물성재료, 이끼, 흙)와 인공재료(솜, 종잇조각, 플라스틱, 비닐 및 합성 섬유)로 분류한 뒤 각각의 무게를 측정하였다. 분류 결과, 모든 둥지에서 이끼(50.65%)의 구성 비율이 높았고 흙(21.43%), 인공재료(13.95%), 식물성재료(5.78%), 동물성재료(4.57%), 기타(3.59%) 순서로 파악되었다. 도시녹지 내 모든 둥지에서 인공재료가 사용된 특징이 있었다. 또한, 박새는 곤줄박이보다 식물성 재료를 약 5.16% 더 사용했으나 유의한 수준이 아니었다(t=2.17, p=0.07). 도시산림에서는 식물성 재료와 흙을 가장 선호하였으며, 도시공원은 이끼, 동물성, 인공 재료 순으로 이용되었다. 이 중 식물성 재료 사용은 도시공원과 도시산림 간에 유의한 차이를 보였다(t=3.07, p<0.05*). 도시지역과 같이 인공재료에 대한 접근성이 높은 서식환경에서는 일부 자연재료의 역할을 인공재료가 대체하였다. 본 연구는 도시생태계 인공새집 내 둥지 재료 유형을 분석한 기초연구로 박새과 종 보전 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 논문은 환경부의 재원으로 한국환경산업기술원의 도시생태 건강성 증진 기술개발사업의 지원을 받아 연구되었습니다. (2019002760001)

References

  1. Alvarez, E., E.J. Belda, J. Verdejo and E. Barba(2013) Variation in Great Tit nest mass and composition and its breeding consequences: A comparative study in four Mediterranean habitats. Avian Biology Research 6(1): 39-46. https://doi.org/10.3184/175815513X13609517587237
  2. Brush, T.(1983) Cavity use by secondary cavity-nesting birds and response to manipulations. The Condor 85(4): 461-466. https://doi.org/10.2307/1367987
  3. Carbo-Ramirez, P., R.A. Gonzalez-Arrieta and I. Zuria(2015) Breeding biology of the Rufous-backed Robin (Turdus rufopalliatus) in an urban area outside its original distribution range. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 127(3): 515-521. https://doi.org/10.1676/14-056.1
  4. Clergeau, P., S. Croci, J. Jokimaki, M.L. Kaisanlahti-Jokimaki and M. Dinetti(2006) Avifauna homogenisation by urbanisation: Analysis at different European latitudes. Biological Conservation 127(3): 336-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.06.035
  5. Hong, S.H. and J.I. Kwak(2011) Characteristics of Appearance by Vegetation Type of Paridae in Urban Forest of Korea. Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 25(5): 760-766. (in Korea with English abstract)
  6. Jeong, H.J., E.A. Cho, H.S. Ko and G.S. Jang(2012) A Research on the Reproductive Properties of Great Tits in the Urban Forests. Journal of the Korea Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 15(5): 155-163. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2012.15.5.155
  7. Jo, Y.R.(2011) A Study on the Breeding Ecology of White's thrush(Zoothera dauma) at Mt. Gosanbong in Jeollanamdo. Master's thesis, University of Honam, Gwangju. (in Korean with English abstract)
  8. Kim, E.J., H.M. Seo, J.H. Oh and C.R. Park(2020) The first report of an Eastern Great Tit Parus minor nestling's foot entanglement with human hairs at Hongneung Experimental Forests in Seoul. The Ornithological Society of Korea 27(2): 146-150. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.30980/kjo.2020.12.27.2.146
  9. Kim, S.Y., W.M. Kim, W.K. Song and E.J. Hyeong(2018) Home-range Analysis of Varied Tit (Parus varius) in the Post Fledging Period by Using Radio-tracking. Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 21(1): 95-102. (in Korean with English abstract)
  10. Kim, Y.H., W.B. Kim and H.S. Oh(2012) Nest Building Methods of Black Paradise Flycatcher(Terpsiphone atrocaudata). The Korea Journal of Ornithology 19(1): 73-86. (in Korean with English abstract)
  11. Lambrechts, M.M., F. Adriaensen, D.R. Ardia, A.V. Artemyev, F. Atienzar, J. Banbura and N. Ziane(2010) The design of artificial nestboxes for the study of secondary hole-nesting birds: A review of methodological inconsistencies and potential biases. Acta Ornithologica 45(1): 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3161/000164510X516047
  12. Lee, W.S. and S.W. Kim(1996) Foods and nest boxes of wildbirds in natural and degraded ecosystems. Kor. J. Orni. 3: 43-50. (in Korean with English abstract)
  13. Lee, W.S., T.H. Ku and J.Y. Park(2000) A field guide to the birds of Korea. LG Evergreen Foundation. (in Korean)
  14. Lim, C.W., S.C. Kim and Y.H. Kwon(2012) A Study on Utilization of Artificial Nest Boxes of Forest-Dwelling Birds. Korean Journal of Nature Conservation 10(3-4): 177-185. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.30960/kjnc.2012.10.3_4.177
  15. Mainwaring, M.C., I.R. Hartley, M.M. Lambrechts and D.C. Deeming(2014) The design and function of birds' nests. Ecology and Evolution 4(20): 3909-3928. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1054
  16. Marzluff, J.M., R. Bowman and R. Donnelly(2001) A historical perspective on urban bird research: trends, terms, and approaches. In Avian ecology and conservation in an urbanizing world. Springer, Boston, MA, pp.1-17.
  17. Oh, K.S., D.W. Lee, S.H. Jung and C.S. Park(2009) A Spatial Decision Support System for Establishing Urban Ecological Network: Based on the Landscape Ecology Theory. Spatial Information Research 17(3): 251-259. (in Korean with English abstract)
  18. Rhim, S.J., S.H. Son, M.J. Kim and J.H. Kang(2008) Use of artificial nest boxes of tits in coniferous and deciduous forests. Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science 97(1): 83-87. (in Korean with English abstract)
  19. Saag, P., R. Mand, V. Tilgar, P. Kilgas, M. Magi and E. Rasmann(2011) Plumage bacterial load is related to species, sex, biometrics and fledging success in co-occurring cavity-breeding passerines. Acta ornithologica 46(2): 191-201. https://doi.org/10.3161/000164511X62596
  20. Seress, G. and A. Liker(2015) Habitat urbanization and its effects on birds. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 61(4): 373-408. https://doi.org/10.17109/AZH.61.4.373.2015
  21. Song, W.K.(2015) Analysis of Bird Species Diversity Response to Structural Conditions of Urban Park-Focused on 26 Urban Parks in Cheonan City. Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 18(3): 65-77. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.13087/kosert.2015.18.3.65
  22. Song, W.K.(2020) Home Range Analysis of Great Tit (Parus major) before and after Fledging in an Urban Park. Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology 23(1): 97-106. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.13087/KOSERT.2020.23.1.97
  23. Suarez-Rodriguez, M., I. Lopez-Rull and C. Macias Garcia(2013) Incorporation of cigarette butts into nests reduces nest ectoparasite load in urban birds: New ingredients for an old recipe? Biology Letters 9(1): 20120931. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0931
  24. Sukopp, H.(2004) Human-caused impact on preserved vegetation. Landscape and Urban Planning 68(4): 347-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00152-X
  25. Townsend, A.K. and C.M. Barker(2014) Plastic and the nest entanglement of urban and agricultural crows. PLoS One 9(1): e88006. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088006
  26. Walsh, P.T., M. Hansell, W.D. Borello and S.D. Healy(2011) Individuality in nest building: Do southern masked weaver (Ploceus velatus) males vary in their nest-building behaviour? Behavioural Processes 88(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2011.06.011
  27. Wang, Y., S. Chen, R.B. Blair, P. Jiang and P. Ding(2009) Nest composition adjustments by Chinese Bulbuls Pycnonotus sinensis in an urbanized landscape of Hangzhou (E China). Acta Ornithologica 44(2): 185-192. https://doi.org/10.3161/000164509X482768
  28. Wilting, H.(2017) Comparison of nest composition in Great Tits (Parus major) in four different land-use types. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna.
  29. Won, P.O.(1981) Illustration flora and fauna of Korea (Vol. 25 avifauna). The Ministry of Education, Seoul. (in Korean)