• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.43-61
• /
• 1999

To ensure ship's safety and preserve the marine environment from ship, IMO(International Maritime Organization) has been making much efforts. Nevertheless there are still many possibilities threatening ship's safety and the marine environment. Many vessels navigate at sea in lack of standard required by the International Convention relevant to ship's safety and the protection of marine environment. Even though the administration is responsible for perfect and continuous control for safety of ship, it cannot has jurisdiction over ships hoist its flag reasonably at all times. So the Port State has strengthened the Port State Control(PSC) activity as one step of eliminating sub-standard vessels. In the light of the fact that mentioned above, this study deals with PSC activity in Korea and port of Pusan. Total 582 ships, inspected in port of Pusan from 1st January 1998 to 30th September 1999, were analyzed in various aspect and extracted results as follows : \circled1 The inspection rate in Korea was much lower than the other states taking part in Tokyo MOU, \circled2 For flag state, the ships belong to flag of convenience(FOC) had much more deficiencies than non-convenience flag ships, \circled3 For ship type, 39 number of general dry cargo ship were detained at Pusan with serious deficiencies, \circled4 For deficiency item, the items such as life saving appliances, safety in general, navigation, load lines and fire-fighting appliances were occupied over 71.7% of total number of deficiencies, \circled5 In Asia-Pacific region, Korea was one of flags with detention percentages exceeding 3-year(1996~1998) rolling average detention percentage. Average detention rate of Korean vessels was 6.73% which was over 0.24% of average detention rate(6.49%) in Asia-Pacific region. These results may reflect to improve the performance of PSC inspection for foreign vessels and are useful for preparing PSC inspection for ocean-going ships registered in Korea.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.281-304
• /
• 2011

In the energy-climate era, pollution emissions from port activities have a significant issue in international shipping and port community. Thus international organization such as IMO and developed countries are seeking to develop various reduction strategies against air pollution. However Korea has recently conducted several studies concerning air pollution in port industry. The main purpose of the paper is to suggest emission reduction strategies for bulk terminal in Port of Incheon, which handles large amount bulk cargoes as a gateway for the metropolitan area. For this aim, the clean air strategies of the world major ports were considered and air pollution reduction strategies were suggested. The main findings of this paper are as follows. First, the emission reduction strategies for container terminal are should be integrated based on technologies changes, operational changes and market-based measures. Second, the emission reduction strategies for bulk terminal can be effective when use innovative measures during loading, unloading and storage process such as telescopic cascade trimming chute, snake sandwich equipment, dry fog system and dome structure. Finally, investigation on actual conditions of air pollution in Korean ports and development of environmental evaluation scheme for persisting monitoring should be conducted.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.69-74
• /
• 2021

This study aims to investigate the lead-lag relationship between the agricultural produce import price in Korea and the corresponding shipping freight rate. Since the Korean economy has pursued an export-driven growth strategy, mainly based on the manufacturing sector, the country has to depend on the vast majority of its agricultural produce consumption after import from foreign countries. Moreover, compared with other high-value products, transportation cost occupies a substantial share of the agricultural commodity price, resulting in changes in the shipping freight rate being a pivotal determinant of agricultural produce import. In this respect, this study explores the possible association between agricultural produce import in Korea and shipping freight rate and the lead-lag relationship. Using a monthly dataset of agricultural produce import prices and freight rates for Handysize and Panamax dry-bulkers for the period between January 2010 and November 2020, this study determines that the shipping freight rate, in general, leads the agricultural commodity price.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.287-291
• /
• 2020

The nutritional value and yield of mushrooms depend on the substrate on which it is grown. This study sought to biofortify Pleurotus floridanus with calcium supplements and assess its effect on the yield and calcium levels. The experiment was set up in a 2 × 5 factorial and replicated thrice in a completely randomized design. Two calcium supplements, OML and OMW, were added to two growth media. The examination of total dry weight yield showed that calcium supplements OML and OMW in the sawdust medium containing wheatbran in the ratio 1:10 had a mean value of 4.37 g, which was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that in the control (1.29 g). However, in the sawdust-only medium, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the application of treatments. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed between the calcium types in both growth media. The mineral analysis showed that calcium levels were increased in harvested mushrooms with the addition of calcium OML and OMW to the growth media.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.70-77
• /
• 2003

From March 1998 to August 2000, the phenological and morphometric changes of Zostera marina L. were examined at the Duksan Port in the eastern coast of Korea. Morphometric characteristics, phenological stage, shoot density, biomass of Z. marina population and environmental parameters were also measured. Nutrient levels in water column varied over the season. Morphometric characteristics of vegetative shoot changed with season; shoot heights ranged from 54.2 cm (March) to 100.0 cm (October). Reproductive shoots appeared from mid-March to early September of which the height was ranged from 97.8 cm (March) to 213.0 cm (July). The flowering phase started at 12$^{\circ}C$ and the fruit development was resulted up to 21$^{\circ}C$. The seed maturing was developed at 22$^{\circ}C$-$25^{\circ}C$. Shoot density and biomass in permanent quadrate (0.25 m$^2$) were significantly different among seasons ranging from 38 to 136 shoots (mean 80.3$\pm$6.5) for shoot density, and 190 g dry wt m$^{-2}$ in October 1998 to 922 g dry wt m$^{-2}$ in June 1998 for biomass respectively. Relationships between shoot morphometrics and physico-chemical parameters were not significantly correlated. Seasonal changes in water temperature seemed responsible for the replacement of reproductive phases and the annual changes of shoot morphometrics in Z. marina populations.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.16 no.11
• /
• pp.17-27
• /
• 2018

In this paper, the research trends of port hinterland from 1990 to 2018 were analyzed periodically using the Social Network Analysis (SNA) method. The data were collected from major academic journals and totally 116 papers were identified for analysis. The results of the analysis showed that in the first period (1990-1999), keywords can be listed as "containerization", "transport infrastructure" and developed countries related keywords like "Italy", "Canada" and "Germany". The results of the second period (2000-2009) were originated from keywords such as "regionalization", "competitiveness", "Asian consolidation" and "technology". In the third period (2010-2018), the results were derived from keywords such as "intermodal transport", "dry port", "container" and container related keywords and "shipping" and shipping related keywords. We could see the studies of port hinterland are becoming more systematic and integrated. This study provides some important implications for both academic, and industrial viewpoints, and it is helpful to understand the research concentration.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2017

China has achieved rapid economic growth in the late 1970s with economic reform and open-door policy. China's economic growth began initially in the eastern coastal areas and from the 2000s expanded to the western and northeastern regions where the economy was relatively underdeveloped. In particular, in 2013 'One-Belt One Road' initiative proposed by Xi Jinping, the current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China is not only a key strategy for China's advancement into the world and also provides important opportunities for the development of these backward regions. Inland Port is the inland logistics hub and plays a crucial role in enhancing access to maritime ports as well as access to adjacent inland countries. Therefore, a number of inland ports have been developed and operated in order to enter into overseas markets and secure resources in the northeastern and western regions of China. This study aims to examine the role and development of inland port in 'One-Belt One Road' scheme. In conclusion, 'One-Belt One Road' will further increase the role of inland port, and in response, the development of inland port will play a pivotal role in one belt one road initiative. In this respect, Korean companies need to consider plans to participate in the development and operation of inland ports in China, which would provide opportunities to spread Northern markets including China, Russia, Central Asia, Eastern Europe.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this investigation is to analyze the synchronization between the representative global freight index, the Baltic Dry bulk Index (BDI) and the China Container Freight Index (CCFI) with monthly data from 2000 to 2016. Using the non-stationarity of the business cycle that is able to include common trends, we employ the Engle-Granger 2 stage co-integration test and found no synchronization. On the contrary, we additionally estimated the causality between the markets and revealed the causality, which implies that the Chinese economy has a significant effect on the global market. The results of this empirical analysis demonstrate that the CCFI of China is appropriate for analyzing the shipping industry. In practice, this means that it is more appropriate to include CCFI in the global market outlook than use it as a substitute for the global freight rate index, the BDI. This is a case study of the synchronization of the economic fluctuations of the shipping industry. It suggests that the economic fluctuations of China need to be considered in the unstable global market forecast. In particular, this case applies to the fluctuations in the shipping industry synchronism and provides important results in scientific terms.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.383-390
• /
• 2002

The time cost of ship end cargoes is one of the most important data for decision-making of port investment and operational efficiency. Studies in this area were initiated internationally by Goss and Mann in late 70's and also done in Korea 10 years ago using the same methodology as Goss. The main purpose of this paper is to revisit to estimate the time cost using updated data. The estimation was undertaken sampling data on various investment and operating costs by vessel from 205 vessels, comprising 47.5％ of the notional fleet in Korea as well as on cargoes from international trade statistics. Compared with the study of 10 years ago, major finding of this research is that time costs of liquid and dry bulk carriers have increased, in case of the former type, showing almost doubled cost increase. The increase is deemed to be caused by very expensive LNG carriers. Lowered social discount rate in this study compared with 10 years ago, in general, has mused the costs to stay at similar level to the previous study. Sensitivity tests were conducted using various social discount rates.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2008

Since the shipbuilding industry is at its peak to assimilate the large volume of orders in recent years, the Floating Dock has been an alternative to the dry dock which takes a certain period of time to build. Hence the use of Floating Dock is steadily increasing. Since the Skid Launching System(SLS) is used in Floating Dock, the balancing of the ship while launching is important and achieved by adjusting the Ballast tank of the Floating Dock. In this paper a Floating Dock Control Simulator for SLS is developed through the on-line interface of VRC(Valve Remote Control), Tank Level & Draft Measuring System and Valve Control algorithm on Simulation Tank Plan.