• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.134-139
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• 2024

Background: Increasing numbers of studies and research about artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have led to their application in clinical trials. The purpose of this study is to analyze computer-based new technologies (AI/ML) applied on clinical trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov to elucidate current usage of these technologies. Methods: As of March 1st, 2023, protocols listed on ClinicalTrials.gov that claimed to use AI/ML and included at least one of the following interventions-Drug, Biological, Dietary Supplement, or Combination Product-were selected. The selected protocols were classified according to their context of use: 1) drug discovery; 2) toxicity prediction; 3) enrichment; 4) risk stratification/management; 5) dose selection/optimization; 6) adherence; 7) synthetic control; 8) endpoint assessment; 9) postmarketing surveillance; and 10) drug selection. Results: The applications of AI/ML were explored in 131 clinical trial protocols. The areas where AI/ML was most frequently utilized in clinical trials included endpoint assessment (n=80), followed by dose selection/optimization (n=15), risk stratification/management (n=13), drug discovery (n=4), adherence (n=4), drug selection (n=1) and enrichment (n=1). Conclusion: The most frequent application of AI/ML in clinical trials is in the fields of endpoint assessment, where the utilization is primarily focuses on the diagnosis of disease by imaging or video analyses. The number of clinical trials using artificial intelligence will increase as the technology continues to develop rapidly, making it necessary for regulatory associates to establish proper regulations for these clinical trials.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 1993

Hospital pharmacy services are divided into dispensing affairs for inpatients and outpatients, pharmaceutical service, stock control, intravenous admixture service, drug information service, pharmacokinetic consultation service, education and research work, etc. But among those affairs, dispensing affair for outpatient is perceived as the most important work in Korea, because it is linked directly with hospital service for patients. Therefore, total computer system for dispensing area was adopted from opening point of hospital in 1989 in Asan Medical Center. Utilization of computer system for outpatient dispensing area is as follows; 1) Order communication system of prescription by Total Hospital Information System, 2) Automatic print-out system of direction for use by sticker connected with on-line net work, 3) Use of automatic tablet counting and packaging machines connected with on-line net work. Those computer system resulted in curtailment of pharmacy manpower and shortening of waiting-time for outpatient.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.5-15
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• 1985

This study was conducted for the purpose of fin-ding out the variance explaining the medical facilities utilization behavior, which is defined adaptation behavior Process by focal, contextual, residual stimuli in Roy's Adaptation Model. What kinds of characteristics can explain adaptation behavior in Roy's Model? And which is the relative importance of input variables? For this analysis, stepwise multiple regression and path analysis was used. The data come from the 1981 Baseline Household Interview Survey in remote rural area. The findings of the analysis can be summarized as follows: First, Total variance of independant variables for adaptation behavior, that is medical facilities utilization including clinic, drug store, health center, herb medicine was shown 16.2 percent. The most important variable which explain the dependent variable was the occurance of illness with the Ra of value 0.112. The illness symptom, living level, regular care source was shown important variables with relatively high the R²value and significant beta coefficient. Second, in the path analysis of variables which is selected important variables, the occurance of illness was shown variable which has the highest direct effect which 0.297 path coefficient. Also the education level of household was shown variable which has the highest indirect effect through living level and the occurance of illness in causal model. Third, This analysis suggests that the occurance of illness belonging focal stimuli are more influenced than others. To sum up, It is seem to the occurance of illness, illness symptom belonging focal stimuli have high explanation ability through direct effect, education level of household among contextual stimuli have explanation ability through indirect effect.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.317.2-318
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• 2001

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.417-423
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• 2005

In this study, the nematode-trapping fungus, Monacrosporium sphaeroides, was transformed with a plasmid harboring the hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene, via restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI). Frequencies of up to 94 transformants ${\mu}g^{-1}$ per linearized plasmid DNA were obtained by optimizing the PEG concentration, as well as the category and quantity of the added restriction enzyme. $90\%$ of the transformants were determined to be stable for drug resistance when 20 randomly selected transformants were tested. Southern analyses revealed that the transforming DNA was integrated into the M. sphaeroides genome either with or without rearrangement. Five mitotic stable mutant strains were obtained using this approach, all of which had been altered with regard to sporulation capacity and pathogenicity toward nematodes. Southern blot analyses of the five mutants revealed that foreign plasmid DNA had integrated into the genome. Three of the mutants, Tms2316, Tms3583 and Tms1536, exhibited integration at a single location, whereas the remaining two, Tms32 and Tms1913, manifested integration at double or multiple locations. Our results suggest that the transformation of M. sphaeroides via REMI will facilitate insertional mutagenesis, the functional analysis of a variety of genes, and the tagging or cloning of genes of interest.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.21 no.2 s.24
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• pp.419-430
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• 1988

This study was performed in a rural community, Kanghwa county which was introduced to a regional medical insurance pilot program in 1982. The purposes of this study were, firstly, to observe the changes in ambulatory care utilization in the three years 1982, 1983 and 1987 : secondly, to analyse factors which convert perceived medical care needs to effective medical care demand. During the three periods, a serial interview survey was performed to determine the changes in medical utilization before and after the regional medical insurance program implementation. The number of subjects was 3,356 persons in the year 1982, 3,705 in 1983 and 2,745 in 1987. The results of the study were as follows : 1. Total ambulatory care utilization rates per 100 persons during a 2-week period were 23.6 in the year 1982, 21.8 in 1983, and 29.3 in 1987; and physician visit rates were 6.1 in 1982, 11.7 in 1983, and 14.9 in 1987. Thus, compared to the total utilization rate there was a definite increase in physician visit, and during the study periods there was a decrease in drug store visits whereas an increase in hospital or clinic visits was noticed. 2. The rates of effective demand for medical care need were 70.7% in 1982, 70.5% in 1983 and 75.9% in 1987 : and the rates of patients who visited physicians were 20.2% in 1982, 42.8% in 1983 and 35.6% in 1987. Thus, physician visits increased sharply by introducing the medical insurance program, but after the latent medical care demands were fulfilled, there was a slight decrease in the physician visits. 3. The number of acute symptoms and the number of chronic symptoms were common determinants of total ambulatory care utilization and physician visits. Besides the medical care need factors, age in 1982, sex and accessibility in 1983, and accessibility in 1987 were statistically significant determinants of the total utilization ; sex and accessibility in 1983, and education in 1987 were also statistically significant determinants of the physician visit. 4. For persons with perceived acute symptoms during the 2-week periods, accessibility in total utilization and age in physician visits were common discriminating factors of ambulatory care utilization in the three years, and education and income were also statistically significant variables. For persons with perceived chronic symptoms, occupation and income were statistically significant discriminating variables commonly observed in total utilization and physician visits.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.112-112
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• 2019

Baicalein is one of the main flavonoids derived from roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a traditional Oriental medicine. Although baicalein has high antitumor effect on several human carcinomas, the mechanism responsible for this property is not unclear. In this study, the data revealed that baicale-ininduced growth inhibition was associated with the induction of apoptosis connecting with cytochrome c release, down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xl and increased the percentage of cells with a loss of mitochondria membrane permeabilization. Baicalein also induced the proteolytic activation of caspases and cleavage of PARP; however, blockage of caspases activation by z-VAD-fmk inhibited baicalein-induced apoptosis. In addition, baicalein enhanced the formation of autophagosomes and up-regulated LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. Interestingly, the pretreatment of bafilomycin A1 recovered baicalein-induced cell death suggesting that autophagy by baicalein roles as protective autophagy. Taken together, our results indicated that this flavonoid induces apoptosis and cell protective autophagy. These data means combination treatment with baicalein and autophagy inhibitor might be a promising anticancer drug.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.113-113
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• 2019

Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) is an organic polysulfide compound found in garlic. Although certain studies have demonstrated that DATS possesses strong anti-inflammatory activity, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unresolved. In this study, we examined whether DATS exerts anti-inflammatory activity and investigated the possible mechanisms. Our results indicated that DATS significantly suppressed the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced release of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 by inhibiting inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages. DATS also down-regulated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 expression, and inhibited nuclear translocation of nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) in LPS-stimulated 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, we found that these inhibitory effects of DATS were associated with the inhibition of chemokine receptor (CXCR4) and ligand (CXCL12) expression, and reactive oxygen species generation. Overall, the present data indicated that DATS had anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-activated macrophages, possibly via inhibiting the TLR4/NF-kB and/or chemokine signaling pathways, and DATS could be a potential drug therapy for inflammation and its associated diseases.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 2010

The present study was aimed to examine the occurrence and influencing factors therapeutic duplication (TD) of medications for anxiety disorders by analyzing the relevant prescription data. In this study, the prescription data issued on March 19, 2008 in domestic medical institutes were utilized. TD was defined as more than two medications under the same therapeutic classification per prescription based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC) code. The assessment of TD was performed based on the number of cases and on the ratio determined. To identify the influencing factor of TD, the variables related to the differences in the TD ratio were analyzed based on the results of the Chi-Square test conducted with the variables; patients, medical institutes, diseases, and treatments. The number and ratio of TD were determined to be 1,333 out of the total of 19,219 anxiety disorder cases, and 6.94%, most cases involving benzodiazepine derivatives, respectively. The TD ratio was found to be higher in relation to males than to females. Patients with national health insurance benefits have a higher TD ratio compared to the medical-aid beneficiaries. The TD ratios were highest in clinics, psychiatry divisions, and Gyeongsang district. The TD ratio of the cases with more than two anxiety disorders was found to be higher than that of the cases with only one anxiety disorder. As the number of medications per prescription increased, the TD ratio was shown to have become gradually higher. In conclusion, in order to prevent TD, the concurrent DUR system should be implemented. The prescribers and pharmacists must be educated regarding duplicated medications to promote the safe and effective use of medicines, without unnecessary TD.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.58-75
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• 1998

Background : In Korea, the rational use of antibiotics are rarely controlled, and their patterns of utilization are not understood. In order to reduce the excessive use and to improve the appropriate use of antibiotics, it is necessary to accurately determine present uses of antibiotics in hospitals. Methods : Analysis of the use of prescription drugs was performed on NFMI(National Federation of Medical Insurance) 1994 medical expense claim data. A stratified sampling by types of hospitals, departments, and diseases was obtained from 1994 August data. Patients with secondary diseases were excluded. In this study, 2,697 adults with URI, 6,397 children with URI, 704 adults with bronchitis, and 1,838 children with bronchitis were included. Results : Most patients were prescribed medication (95.2-99.6%). Of the patients prescribed medication, more than 85% of URI patients and more than 91% of bronchitis patients were prescribed antibiotics. Antibiotics expenses accounted for 14% of total medical expenses in adults and 9% of total medical expenses in children. In adults with URI, antibiotics expenses accounted for 52% of drug expenses. Of the patients prescribed antibiotics, average number of antibiotics used was 1.6-1.7. For patients who are prescribed antibiotics, drug expenses were 62-97% greater than patients not prescribed antibiotics. When children were prescribed antibiotics, the highest price of drugs prescribed were 3.4-fold greater. In addition, the number of drugs prescribed also increased by more than one. Elderly patients, more than 60 years, were prescribed antibiotics less frequently. Children less than 10 years and elderly patients greater than 60 years old were prescribed fewer antibiotics than other patients. And they were prescribed medications for longer days than other patients. Conclusion : This study demonstrated that the average rate of prescribing antibiotics was higher in Korea than other countries. Measures to reduce overuse of antibiotics and to improve the appropriate prescription of antibiotics must be considered for cost effective treatment and overall health of people.