• Macromolecular Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2004

We have synthesized various types of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-ibuprofen conjugates by nucleophilic substitution of bromo-terminated PEG with ibuprofen-Cs salt. The conversion of the terminal hydroxyl groups to bromo-termini was quantitative, as was the drug conjugation process, which suggests that the present synthetic method is very useful for the preparation of PEG-based prodrugs from pharmaceuticals having carboxyl functionalities. The drug-release behavior of the prodrugs was examined in both phosphate buffer (PBS, pH 7.4) and rat plasma. From the drug-release behavior in PBS, we determined that each prodrug has high storage stability. The drug-release rate was observed to be much faster in rat plasma than in buffer solution as a result of the acceleration effect provided by enzymes present in the plasma. The drug-release rate in rat plasma depends on the degree of molecular aggregation of the prodrugs, which can be changed effectively by the nature of their spacer groups or by the use of Pluronic as the polymer carrier.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.44-83
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• 2001

The result were as follows: 1. Apply the drug to the Dental and Paradental digease is used to be very busy on the Gypsum Fibrosum( 石膏) and Asari herba cum Radice(細辛). 2. Apply the drug to the Dental and Paradental digease is clearing away heat and helping sweat 3. Apply the drug to the Dental and Paradental digease is cold and hot. 4. Apply the drug to the Dental and Paradental digease is pungent, bitter and sweet. 5. Apply the drug to the Dental and Paradental digease is non-toxic. 6. Apply the drug to the Dental and Paradental digease is used to be very busy on the chanel of liver and stomach.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.251.1-251.1
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• 2002

Capsaicin and analogues are valuable analgesic agents when administered to mammals. including humans. However. their pungency. hypothermia and the effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems through their general activation of primary afferents severely limit their use. So competitive antagonists have been pursued as a novel pharmacological agent for analgesics. rather than agonists. We have identified a new class of potent and selective vanilloid receptor (VR) antagonists. (omitted)

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2012

This study was to determine the inappropriate drug use in pediatric outpatients who received 2 or more prescriptions on the same day. Retrospective drug utilization reviews (DURs) were implemented to samples obtained from national health insurance claims data during December 2008 to February 2009, using 5 DUR criteria (duplication, drug-drug interaction, drug-disease interaction, drug-age contraindication, incorrect dosage) established in the Drug Information Framework (DIF)-$Korea^{TM}$, DUR program. Among 38,451 claims analyzed in the study, 74.7% had more than one conflicts in the 5 DUR modules. Among 16,472 patients analyzed, 49.6% had conflicts with duplication criteria composing of ingredient duplication (23.3%) and therapeutic class duplication (39.6%). Incorrect dosages were found in 73.6% of patients and under-dosage conflicts accounted for 59.9%, which was higher than over-dosage conflicts (38.3%). In this study, inappropriate drug prescriptions such as under-dose, pediatric contraindication and therapeutic duplication were prevalent in pediatric outpatient settings, suggesting much more awareness to the society, to prevent drug related problems in a vulnerable pediatric group.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.127-138
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• 2005

This is to examine the OTC regulatory system of Korea in comparison with those of Japan, UK and US, and suggest the possible regulatory actions to harmonize it to international standards. Individual countries have their own regulatory requirements and processes far OTC application based on established drug monographs and safety profiles from clinical experiences. Categories of OTC drug monographs are being expanded with transparent establishment procedure according to detailed guidelines, and public opinions as well as professional experts for assessing appropriateness of wide usage without physician's prescription. In line with trend of self-medication worldwide, the number of OTC drugs is increasing and more efficient and professional drug review is underway in the separate OTC division in regulatory agency. For improving OTC regulatory system in Korea, settlement of optimal drug classification policy and management for encouraging OTC drug use, development of more detailed and specific guidelines for OTC drug application, expansion of OTC drug monographs, transparent process for OTC monographs establishment, and establishment of OTC division in health authority, are suggested.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to use a ternary polymeric matrix system for high drug loading of a highly soluble drug for controlled release delivery. The controlled drug delivery of diltiazem HCl (solubility > 50% in water at $25^{\circ}C$) with high loading dose (the final loading dose of drug was 34%) from a ternary polymeric matrix (gelatin, pectin, HPMC) was successfully accomplished. This simple monolithic system with 240 mg drug loading provided near zero-order release over a 24 hour-period by which time the system was completely dissolved. The release kinetics of diltiazem HCl tablet with high loading dose from the designed ternary polymeric system was dependent on the ratios of HPMC : pectin binary mixture. The release rate increased as pectin : HPMC ratio were increased. Swelling behavior of the ternary system and the ionic interaction of formulation components with cationic diltiazem molecule appear to control drug diffusion and the release kinetics. Comparable release profiles between commercial product and the designed system were obtained. The binding study between gelatin with diltiazem HCl showed the presence of two binding sites for drug interaction with subsequent controlled diffusion upon swelling. This designed delivery system is easy to manufacture and drug release behavior is highly reproducible and offers advantages over the existing commercial product.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.234-241
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• 2019

의약품을 사용할 때 나타나는 부작용은 국민의 건강을 크게 위협할 수 있다. 현재 의약품 부작용에 대한 보고가 매우 미흡한 것이 현실이다. 이에 현재 약국에서 사용하고 있는 의약품 사용평가(DUR:Drug Utilization Review)에 의약품 부작용 보고를 연계하게 된다면 활성화될 수 있다. 의약품 사용평가가 활성화되어 있는 미국 의약품 관리 체계 연구를 통해 의약품 부작용 보고 활성화 방안을 찾을 수 있다. 약국에서 의약품 관리 프로그램으로 사용되는 'Pharm IT 3000'에서 의약품 부작용 보고의 활성화 방안을 연구해 보았다. 문헌연구와 실제 프로그램 운영 방식 연구를 통해 Pharm IT 3000 처방 조제 현황 항목에 의약품 사용평가를 연동시켜 부작용 보고가 편리하게 되는 방안을 찾게 되었다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.49-65
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• 1993

This study had conducted to push our society for getting some proper measures of the anti-drug abuse and adopting this study as a fundamental data for the school health education. Sample subjects were the 3rd grade of high school in Chungnam Province and the number were 1,014. The data had been collected on Dec. 3th-8th, 1990 according to the tool of Institute on Drug Abuse of Korea. And then Frequency and $x^2-test$ were need to analyse of data by SPSS-X program. The results of this study could be summarized as follows. 1. They had used 14 kinds of drugs: $70.1\%$ of the subjects students used alcohol, $69.2\%$ analgesics, $38.6\%$ cigarette, $15.0\%$ stimulants, $14.7\%$ antitussives, $11.2\%$ antithistamines, $8.9\%$ hypnotics, $7.1\%$tranquilizers, $4.2\%$ inhalants, $2.3\%$ marijuana, $1.4\%$ hallucinogens, $0.9\%$ cocaine, $0.6\%$ amphetamines, and $0.6\%$narcotics. The boys' drug using rate is higher than girls' except in analgesics and stimulants. 2. With respect to misbehaving, $43.0\%$ of the students said they had pop houses, $42.4\%$ adult video, $17.4\%$ unexcused absence from school, $11.0\%$ dangerous weapon, $9.1\%$ sexual intercourse, $70.1\%$ disappearance from home, 8.0% blackmail, and $6.0\%$ assault. In every kinds of misbehaving, the boys' misbehaving rate is higher than the girls'. 3. Almost every kinds of drugs have the students first used at the age of 15 through. 18. And $13.8\%$ of the students smoked every da·y and $1.7\%$ drank every day. 4. The frequency of the drug using such as cigarette (p<.01), marijuana (p<.05), cocaine (p<.05) and narcotics (p<.05) showed the stastically significant differences according to the religions of the subjects 5. The subjects who has complaints about someone use more drugs than the ones who doesn't, and who doesn't have any complaints about five elements have never used drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, narcotics, hallucinogens, and inhalants. 6. The drug using subjects have the more experiences of adult video, pop houses, and unexcused absent from school than the non-drug using ones. It means that the subjects who use drug were apt to do misbehaving more often than the ones who have never used them, and delinquent boys and girls use more drugs.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2022년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.276-278
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• 2022

모든 약물은 신체 내에서 특정한 작용을 하며, 많은 경우 합병증 또는 기존 약물치료 중 새롭게 발생하는 증상에 의해 약물이 혼용되는 경우가 발생한다. 이런 경우 신체 내에서 예상치 못한 상호작용이 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 약물 간 상호작용을 예측하는 것은 안전한 약물 사용을 위해 매우 중요한 과제이다. 본 연구에서는 다중 약물 사용 시 발생 가능한 약물 간 상호작용 예측을 위해 약물 정보 문서를 이용해 학습시키는 딥러닝 기반의 예측 모델을 제안한다. 약물 정보 문서는 DrugBank 데이터를 이용해 약물의 작용 기전, 독성, 표적 등 여러 속성을 결합해 생성되었으며, 두 약물 문서가 한 쌍으로 묶여 딥러닝 기반 예측 모델에 입력으로 사용되고 해당 모델은 두 약물 간 상호작용을 출력한다. 해당 연구는 임베딩 방법이나 데이터 전처리 방법 등 다양한 조건의 변화에 따른 실험 결과의 차이를 분석하여 차후 새로운 약물쌍 간 상호작용을 예측하는 데에 활용이 가능하다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.126-134
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was aimed to examine the financial effect of 2-tiered copayment system on annual expenditure of pharmacy benefit in the National Health Insurance (NHI) of Korea, focusing on oral antidiabetic medications. Methods: 284 oral antidiabetic products with 14 different active single ingredients listed in the National Formulary of NHI (August 2009) were assigned to tier 1 or tier 2 according to the selected criteria. 10 different combinations of coinsurance rates were selected to estimate the changes in drug expenditure cost of NHI. Results: The annual drug cost was estimated based on the drug price per unit listed in the National Formulary and the used amount of products in 2009 from the IMS Health data of Korea. In the combinations of coinsurance rate of 20% for tier 1 and 40% for tier 2, the total annual drug cost was estimated to be reduced by 1.3% in the case of no change of generic and original drug consumptions, and to be reduced by 4.3% in the case of 10% increased generic drug consumptions. Conclusion: The tiered copayment system with optimal coinsurance rates appears to be a potential strategy to reduce the financial burden of NHI in Korea by promoting the use of generic products.