• 대한치과의사협회지
• /
• 제21권12호통권175호
• /
• pp.997-1003
• /
• 1983

The author studied the quality and change of the effective demand for dental treatment of the cutpatients of the Wonkwang dental clinic from the March of 1982 to the August of 1983. The results were compared with the previous reports to find any changes that might come from the effect of dental insurance system. After discussing the results, the author concluded as follows: 1. The twenties were the most in the age groups, but it is desirable that age groups of mixed dentition be the most to enhance the dental health status of community. 2. The effective demand for dental treatment increased especially in the areas such as intraoral radiograph taking, amalgam filling, temporary filling, endodontic treatments, and drug application on the soft tissue, but decreased in the areas such as prosthodontic treatments, and there were no demand for the orthodontic treatment. 3. As compared with the absolute needs, the effective demand was relatively high for teeth extraction and amalgam filling, but it was generally very low. 4. So, the present extent of dental insurance system should be expanded, and the dental care delivery system should be established within the community. Finally, the economic and social status of Iri community should be enhance by political and educational plannings.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제57권2호
• /
• pp.105-111
• /
• 2017

Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been investigated for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. This study was conducted to determine the distributions of HA nanoparticles (NPs; size 350-400 nm) and larger HA polymers in mice at intervals after application. $^{177}Lutetium$ (Lu)-labeled HA-NPs or HA polymers were intravenously injected (5 mg/kg) into male ICR mice, and radioactivity levels in blood and target organs were measured from 0.25 h to 28 days post-injection. In blood, the radioactivities of HA-NPs and HA polymer peaked at 0.5 h after injection but were remarkably decreased at 2 h; subsequently, they maintained a constant level until 6 days post-injection. HA-NPs and HA polymers were observed in the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and heart (in ascending order) but were seldom observed in other organs. After 3 days, both the HA-NP and HA polymer levels showed similar steady decreases in lung, kidney, and heart. However, in liver and spleen, the HA-NP levels tended to decrease gradually after 1 day and both were very low after 14 days, whereas the HA polymer level accumulated for 28 days. The results indicate that HA-NPs, with their faster clearance pattern, may act as a better drug delivery system than HA polymers, especially in the liver and spleen.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.195-201
• /
• 2022

본 연구에서는 지황 추출물[Rehmannia glutinosa extract (RE)]이 함유된 chitosan (CH) 기반 바이오 소재를 제조하고, 물리·화학적 특성, RE 방출 특성, 멜라닌 합성 억제 효과, 항산화 효과, elastase 억제 효과를 조사하였다. RE 함유 CH기반 바이오 소재는 casting method와 UV 경화 공정을 통해 제조되었다. 제조된 바이오 소재의 표면 특성은 FE-SEM으로 분석하였고, 물리적 특성은 인장강도, 신축률을 통하여 조사하였다. 경피 약물 전달 시스템을 적용하기 위해 36.5 ℃에서 pH 4.5, pH 5.5, pH 6.5 용액에서와 인공피부를 이용해 제조된 바이오 소재에서 RE의 방출 특성을 조사하였으며, 그 결과, pH 6.5에서 가소제를 첨가하지 않은 바이오 소재와 가소제[glycerol (GL)와 citric acid (CA)]를 첨가하여 제조한 RE 함유 바이오 소재에서 RE의 방출이 pH 4.5에서 보다 약 1.10배 빠르게 일어남을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 인공 피부에서 RE의 방출은 약 6 h 동안 지속적으로 방출됨을 확인하였다. Tyrosinase assay, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay, elastase assay를 통해 기능성을 평가하였으며, 가소제로 CA를 첨가하고 RE가 함유된 바이오 소재에서 각각 45.12%의 tyrosinase 활성율, 89.40%의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능, 59.94%의 elastase 활성율을 나타내었다.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.65-72
• /
• 2014

Objectives : The objective of this study was to evaluate the treatment duration and adherence of osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system (OROS) methylphenidate for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods : A total of 843 children with ADHD were recruited : 213 children (25.3%) who had previously taken medications for ADHD and 630 drug-na$\ddot{i}$ve children (74.7%) were recruited. The dosage was adjusted according to the clinician's judgment. The primary efficacy endpoint of this study was treatment retention rate, which was estimated at Week 12 and Week 20 using the Kaplan-Meier curve. The Swanson, Nolan and Pelham-IV (SNAP-IV), Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S), Clinical Global Impression-Improvement, and the side effect rating scale were measured at every visit. Remission rates were presented based on SNAP-IV and CGI-S, respectively. Results : The treatment retention rate at 12 weeks and at 20 weeks was 76.2% and 66.8%, respectively. Divided according to 6-8, 9-11, 12-14 and 15-18 years of age, younger children tended to show a statistically higher treatment retention rate (p=.02). Based on SNAP-IV and CGI scores, children with better response to medication showed tendencies of statistically higher treatment retention rate. The most common adverse events included loss of appetite (7.1%) and insomnia (3.3%). There was no serious adverse event related to the treatment, such as death. Conclusion : The use of OROS methylphenidate for treatment of ADHD was safe and tolerable for children. In this study, lower age and better treatment response showed a statistically significant relationship with higher treatment adherence. Boys showed a trend of high treatment adherence. The treatment adherence at 20 weeks was satisfactory, however, the treatment adherence after 20 weeks showed a sharp decrease. Therefore, treatment persistence for six months after the beginning of ADHD treatment is important. In addition, the positive role of psycho-education for children and parents is necessary for increasing treatment adherence.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.69-77
• /
• 2011

A peristaltic micropump with lightweight piezo-composite actuator (LIPCA) membrane valves is presented. The micropump contained three cylinder chambers that were connected by microchannels and two active membrane valves. A circular miniature LIPCA was developed and manufactured to be used as actuating diaphragms. The LIPCA diaphragm acted as an active membrane valve that alternate between open and closed positions at the inlet and outlet in order to produce high pumping pressure. In this LIPCA, a lead zirconium titanate ceramic with a thickness of 0.1 mm was used as an active layer. The results confirmed that the actuator produced a large out-of-plane deflection. During the design process, a coupled field analysis was conducted in order to predict the actuating behavior of the LIPCA diaphragm; the behavior of the actuator was investigated from both a theoretical and experimental perspective. The active membrane valve concept was introduced as a means for increasing pumping pressure, and microelectromechanical system techniques were used to fabricate the peristaltic micropump. The pumping performance was analyzed experimentally in terms of the flow rate, pumping pressure and power consumption.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전기전자재료학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집 Vol.15
• /
• pp.383-386
• /
• 2002

This paper reports on the fluid flow simulation results of an active microvalve. The mechanical and fluidic analysis are done by finite element method. The designed structure is normally closed microvalve using buckling effect, which is consist of three separate structures; a valve seat die, an actuator die and a small piezoelectric actuator. It is confirmed that the complete laminar flow and the lowest flow leakage are strongly depend on the valve seat geometry. In addition, turbulent flow was occurs in valve outlet according to increase seat dimension, height and inlet pressure. From this, we was deducts the optimum geometry of the valve seat and diaphragm deflection that have an great influence fluid flow in microvalve. Thus, it is expected that our simulation results would be apply for constructing integrated chemical analyzing system or drug delivery system.

• 폴리머
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.254-259
• /
• 2011

고분자 용액의 전기분무에서 금속 샘플 포집기들은 분무된 입자로부터 흔히 용매를 충분히 제거하거나 재분산이 가능한 분무 입자를 회수하는데 효과적이지 못하다. 단백질 약물의 캡슐화(encapsulation)를 위해 본 연구에서는 입자를 분산매(응고액제)의 층류 안으로 분무하는 새로운 전기분무시스템을 설계하였다. 캡슐화용 물질로 키토산과 폴리아크릴산이 사용되었다. 이 새로운 시스템을 사용하여 입자의 응집을 방지할 수 있었으며, 4~16 kV의 전압과 같은 유속에서 unimodal한 입도분포를 관찰할 수 있었다. 반면에 가한 전압이 평균 입자 크기에 미치는 영향은 크지 않았다.

• 폴리머
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.103-108
• /
• 2008

삼투정 펠렛은 경구를 통한 약물전달 시스템에 폭넓게 사용되고 있으며, 이러한 삼투정 펠렛은 수팽윤성 시드층과 모델약물인 니페디핀을 포함하는 약물층 그리고 약물의 방출을 조절하는 반투막 층으로 구성되어 있다. 이번 연구에서는 모델약물인 니페디핀을 포함한 삼투정 펠렛을 제조하고, 반투막층으로 사용되는 초산셀룰로오스(CA)와 Eudragit RS의 코팅두께에 따른 약물방출 거동과 알긴산 나트륨과 알긴산 나트륨의 가교가 삼투정 펠렛의 약물방출에 미치는 영향에 대하여 확인하고자 하였다. 모델약물인 니페디핀을 포함한 삼투정 펠렛의 제조는 유동층코팅기를 이용하여 제조하였으며, 비교적 높은 코팅 수율로 $1500{\sim}1700{\mu}m$ 내외의 펠렛이 제조됨을 SEM을 통하여 확인하였다. 이렇게 얻어진 펠렛의 반투막 층의 코팅두께에 따른 약물방출 거동을 보면 반투막의 코팅 두께가 증가할수록 약물의 방출이 지연됨을 확인하였다. 알긴산 나트륨을 반투막층 위에 코팅하였을 경우 인공위액(pH 1.2)에서는 약물방출이 거의 일어나지 않았으며, 인공장액(pH 6.8)으로 교체한 후 약물방출이 서서히 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 알긴산 나트륨을 염화칼슘을 이용하여 가교시켰을 경우 약물의 방출이 급격히 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 이번 실험을 통하여 삼투정 펠렛의 약물방출은 반투막충의 코팅두께에 영향을 받으며, 알긴산 나트륨이 삼투정 펠렛의 약물방출에 영향을 끼침을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.241-246
• /
• 2000

To develop a sustained-release preparation containing ketorolac tromethamine, two sustained-release pellet formulations were evaluated with a pharmacokinetic study as compared with a conventional commercial tablets (10 mg $Tarasyn^{TM}$, Roche Korea Ltd.). Two sustained-release formulations were as follows; formulation A was composed of an inner layer containing 75% of drug coated with $Eudragit^{TM}$ RS 100 membrane and an outer layer containing 25% of drug mixed with $Eudragit^{TM}$ NE30D, and formulation B was composed of only an inner layer containing 100% of drug coated with $Eudragit^{TM}$ RS 100 membrane. The dissolution test was performed for two formulations. In case of conventional tablets, 2.5 mg of drug per a dose was administered orally into male Albino rabbit (2.0-2.3 kg of body weight) 3 times at intervals of 4 hours. In case of two sustained formulations, 7.5 mg of drug was administered once orally. Blood samples were withdrawn periodically after the administration, and the blood concentration was determined by HPLC. The conventional tablets showed very high peak-trough fluctuation between administered doses, but two sustained formulations showed less fluctuation. Formulation A with the loading dose showed the time to reach minimum effective concentration (MEC) i.e. the onset time was less than 20 min, while Formulation B had more than 1 hr of the onset time. Formulation A had the more constant plasma level than formulation B. However, formulation B had a time lag, so the plasma level was less than MEC for an initial period of 1 hr. In formulation A, the plasma level was maintained within the therapeutic window $(0.3-5\;{\mu}g/ml)$ for a long period. Formulation A was thought to be an ideal sustained-release formulation for ketorolac tromethamine oral delivery system.

• 폴리머
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.36-40
• /
• 2005

폴리(아미노산)유도체는 약물전달시스템의 약물전달체로 많이 연구되고 있으며 그 중 Polysuccinimide(PSI)는 생체적합성과 생분해성 등의 물리화학적 특성을 이용하여 약물전달체로 이용할 수 있는 가능성을 지닌 고분자이다. 축합중합을 이용하여 아스파르트산이 고리를 형성함으로써 PSI를 중합하였다. 이 때 PSI의 중합 최적조건을 관찰하기 위하여 시간과 촉매함량의 변화에 따른 평균분자량의 변화를 확인하였다. 또한 친수성과 소수성으로 이루어진 고분자 미셀을 제조하기 위하여 친수성 사슬인 메톡시폴리(에틸렌 글리콜((MPEG)을 결합시켰다. 합성한 고분자는 1H-NMR, FT-IR 및 GPC를 통하여 특성을 확인하였으며, ELS와 AFM을 통해 미셀의 형성에 대한 특성을 분석하였다. 미셀의 평균크기는 90~130 nm로 측정되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 PSI를 주사슬로 하는 가지 공중합체가 미셀 형태의 약물전달용 전달체로서 가능성을 가지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.