• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.66-70
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• 2005

본 연구는 우리나라 도축장 현실에서 출하 전 마그네슘 단기 첨가 급여가 돈육 육질을 개선시키고 PSE 돈육 발생을 억제시킬 수 있는지를 구명하기 위하여 거세비육돈(Landrace) 60두를 대조구(MgSO₄ 무첨가구)와 MgSO₄ 급여구로 30두씩 나누어 도축 전 5일 동안 사료와 물을 무제한 급여하여 6일째 도축장으로 수송한 후 2시간 내에 도축하였다. 도축 전 MgSO₄ 첨가 급여는 도축 시 혈중 마그네슘 함량에 영향을 미치지 않았으며, 혈중 스트레스 관련 호르몬(adrenaline, noradrenaline) 역시 마그네슘 급여구와 대조구 사이에 차이가 없었다. 사후 초기 pH는 대조구가 더 높았고, 최종 pH는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 사후 도체온도는 도축 직후 MgSO₄ 급여구가 더 높았으나 3시간과 6시간에는 비슷하였다. PSE 발생율은 대조구 30%, 마그네슘 급여구 23.3%로 마그네슘 급여구가 약간 낮은 경향을 보였으나 드립로스와 육색 명도에는 차이가 없었다. 비록 본 연구에 공시된 비육돈의 유전적 배경과 도축 전 비육돈의 취급방법이 기존 보고자들과 달랐지만 우리나라의 현실적인 여건을 고려할 때 마그네슘 첨가급여에 의해 돈육 육질을 개선하는 방법이 확립된다면 돼지 사육업자나 가공업자에게 큰 이익을 가져다줄 것이므로 마그네슘 효과를 극대화시킬 수 있는 방법을 찾아낸다면 경제적인 방법이 될 것으로 보인다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.267-271
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• 2015

고품질 오디 냉동과를 생산하기 위한 최적의 냉동 조건을 알아보고자 냉동 온도에 따른 오디의 품질변화를 연구하였다. 오디를 수확 직후 -20, -45, $-70^{\circ}C$에서 즉시 냉동하고 24 시간 후 $-20^{\circ}C$냉동고로 옮겨 보관하며 실험을 진행하였다. 냉동 오디를 $4^{\circ}C$에서 해동한 후 다양한 품질 특성을 분석하였다. 오디의 색도와 pH, 고형분 함량 등은 냉해동 전후에 따른 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 유리당과 anthocyanidin의 함량은 냉해동 후에 유의적으로 감소하였다. 해동 후 손실률은 냉동 온도가 감소할수록 증가하는 특이한 양상을 보였다. 과의 강도는 해동 후 모두 감소하였는데 냉동 온도와의 상관관계는 나타나지 않았다. 냉동과의 단면을 전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과, 냉동 온도별 형태 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 냉해동을 거친 후 총 호기성 세균의 숫자는 10% 감소하였으나 곰팡이와 효모의 숫자는 유의적 감소는 일어나지 않았다. 고품질 냉동 오디 생산을 위한 최적의 냉동 조건을 산업체에 제시하기 위해서는 추가적인 연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.416-423
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• 2007

본 실험은 전압의 증가에 따른 염수 침지식 및 전극 접촉식 ohmic 해동 처리가 돈육의 이화학적 특성에 미치는 효과를 규명하고자 실시되었다. 염수 침지식 ohmic 해동방법은 전압에 의한 염수의 온도 상승에 의하여 시료가 해동 됨으로써 시료 표면의 과열 현상이 효과적으로 억제되었고, 해동 후 높은 보수력 및 전단력의 저하가 관찰되었지만, 육색이 다소 저하되는 단점을 나타내었다. 반면 전극 접촉식 ohmic 해동 방법은 해동 과정 중 얼음의 상전이 구간을 빠르게 통과함으로써 빠른 해동이 가능하였고, 해동 후 식육의 품질 저하가 최소화되었지만, 시료의 크기 및 전압의 증가에 따른 심한 표면 과열 현상이 발생할 수 있는 단점을 보였다. 따라서 염수 침지식 해동은 보다 높은 전압을 이용하여 식육을 빠르게 해동하고, 전극 접촉식 해동은 낮은 전압을 이용하여 표면 과열을 억제하면 보다 효과적인 해동이 가능할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.736-742
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• 2009

본 실험은 초고압 동결 및 해동기법이 돈육의 이화학적 특성에 미치는 효과를 규명하고자 시도하였다. 동결 및 해동처리 과정에서 가압에 따른 pH 증가 및 단백질 변성에 따른 보수력의 저하로 관찰되었지만, 초고압 동결 기법을 이용함으로써 효과적으로 해동 및 가열감량을 최소화할 수 있었다. 반면에 초고압 해동기법은 느린 해동속도에 기인한 얼음 재결정화로 해동육의 수율 측면에 영향을 미칠것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 초고압 동결처리에 의한 빠른 동결 및 빠른 해동처리를 통하여 돈육의 물리적 특성 저하를 최소화할 수 있을 것으로 간주되었다. 반면에 250 MPa의 압력은 돈육의 색도에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.1475-1481
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• 2019

Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate pork quality from Hereford${\times}$Berkshire female and intact male pigs reared outdoors in an alternative production system. Methods: Berkshire purebred sows were artificially inseminated, once in the fall and again in the spring of the following year, with semen from Hereford boars and managed free of antibiotics in an outdoor hoop structure until the last month of pregnancy, after which they were moved to a pasture-based unit of 0.8 hectares with individual lots with a farrowing hut, shade, and water ad libitum. Piglets were weaned at 4 weeks of age and housed in a deep-bedded hoop structure, grouped by sex. Animals were harvested at market weight of 125 kg, approximately 200 days of age. Hot carcass weight was collected at the time of the harvest. After 24 hours of refrigeration, carcass characteristics were measured. Longissimus dorsi samples collected from the right side loin. Loins were cut into 2.54-cm thick chops and were used to measure marbling score, color score, drip loss, and ultimate pH. Sensory panel tests were conducted as well at North Carolina State University. For pork characteristics and sensory panel data, trial and sex were included in the statistical model as fixed effects. Hot carcass weight was included in the model as a covariate for backfat thickness. Results: Neither the subjective nor the objective color scores displayed any differences between the boars and the gilts. No difference was found for pH and marbling score between trials or sexes. Gilts had a thicker backfat measurement at the last lumbar and a narrower longissimus muscle area measurement when compared to the boars. The only difference in the sensory characteristics was found between the trials for texture and moisture scores. Conclusion: Consumers were not able to detect boar taint under the condition of this study, which is that the intact males were reared outdoors. Additional trials would be necessary; however, based on the results of the present study, outdoor rearing can be suggested as a solution to the issue of boar taint.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.711-720
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the effect of potassium humate and enzymes (Xylanase+Amylase+Protease) inclusion in diets on carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid profiles of broilers fed canola-based diets. Methods: Two hundred and twenty broilers randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatments: the control (commercial broiler diet); CM (17.5% canola meal inclusion); CMEnz (17.5% CM inclusion+0.3 g/kg Axtra XAP); CMPh (17.5% CM inclusion+1.5% Potassium Humate, PH); and CMEnzPh (17.5% CM inclusion+1.5% PH+0.3 g/kg Axtra XAP) were slaughtered at day 42 for assessment of carcass and meat quality parameters. Results: Diet had no effect on carcass traits apart from breast muscle weight and breast muscle index. The highest breast muscle weight was observed in broilers fed CMEnz ($487.6{\pm}17.5g$) followed by those fed the control diet ($474.37{\pm}17.5g$). Diet also had no significant dietary effect on pH, temperature, drip loss and shear force values of the breast muscle. However, diet significantly affected meat colour and water-holding capacity. Broilers in the control and CMPh groups ($52.94{\pm}0.67$ and $52.91{\pm}0.67$) had the highest (p<0.05) values for lightness ($L^*$), whilst those fed CMEnzPh had the lowest value ($47.94{\pm}0.67$). In contrast, CM group had the lowest (p<0.05) value for redness ($a^*$) with CMEnzPh group having the highest values. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and the PUFA/saturated fatty acid ratio were increased in CM-based diets containing enzymes and humic acid. Conclusion: It can, therefore, be concluded that CM can be included in broiler diets in the presence of enzymes and humic acid with positive effects on meat quality and important fatty acids that are beneficial to the health of consumers.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.461-474
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• 2022

Objective: This experiment investigated the effects of supplementing vitamin D₃-fortified sow and progeny diets with 25(OH)D₃ on growth performance, carcass characteristics, immunity, and pork meat quality. Methods: The present study involved the assessment of supplementing the diet of sows and their progeny with or without 25 (OH)D₃ in a 2×2 factorial arrangement on the performance and production characteristics of wean-finish pigs. Forty-eight multiparous sows were assigned to a basal diet containing 2000 IU/kg vitamin D₃ and supplemented without (CON) or with (TRT) 50 ㎍/kg 25 (OH)D₃. At weaning, a total of 80 pigs each from CON and TRT sows were allocated to weaning and growing-finishing basal diets fortified with 2,500 and 1,750 IU/kg vitamin D₃ respectively and supplemented without or with 50 ㎍/kg 25(OH)D₃. Results: Sows fed 25(OH)D₃-supplemented diets improved pre-weaning growth rate of nursing piglets. A significant sow and pig weaning diet effect was observed for growth rate and feed efficiency (p<0.05) during days 1 to 42 post-weaning. Pigs consuming 25(OH)D₃-supplemented diets gained weight faster (p = 0.016), ate more (p = 0.044) and tended to convert feed to gain more efficiently (p = 0.088) than those fed CON diet between days 98 and 140 post-weaning. Supplemental 25(OH)D₃ improved water holding capacity and reduced drip loss of pork meat, increased serum 25(OH)D₃ level, produced higher interleukin-1 and lower interleukin-6 concentrations in blood circulation, downregulated myostatin (MSTN) and upregulated myogenic differentiation (MYOD) and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5) gene expressions (p<0.05). Conclusion: Supplementing vitamin D₃-fortified sow and wean-finish pig diets with 50 ㎍/kg 25(OH)D₃ significantly improved production performance suggesting their current dietary vitamin D₃ levels are insufficient. In fulfilling the total need for vitamin D, it is strongly recommended to add 50 ㎍/kg 25(OH)D₃ "on top" to practical vitamin D₃-fortified sow and wean-finish pig diets deployed under commercial conditions.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권10호
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• pp.1616-1627
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• 2022

Objective: This work was conducted to investigate the effects of oxidative stress on meat quality, mitochondrial function, calcium metabolism and ferroptosis of broilers. Methods: In this study, a total of 144 one-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were divided into 3 groups (control group, saline group, and hydrogen peroxide [H₂O₂] group) with 6 replicates of 8 broilers each. The study lasted for 42 d. The broilers in the saline and H₂O₂ groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0.75% saline and 10.0% H₂O₂ on the 16th and 37th day of the experimental period respectively, the injection volumes were 1.0 mL/kg of broiler body weight. On the 42nd day of the experimental period, two chicks were randomly selected from each cage, a total of thirty-six chicks were stunned by electric shock and slaughtered to collect breast muscle samples. Results: The H₂O₂ exposure reduced pH value, increased drip loss and shear force of breast meat (p<0.05), impaired the ultrastructure and function of mitochondria. The H₂O₂ exposure damaged the antioxidant system in mitochondria, excessive reactive oxygen species carbonylation modified calcium channels on mitochondria, which impaired the activities of key enzymes on calcium channel, resulted in the increased calcium concentration in cytoplasm and mitochondria (p<0.05). In addition, the H₂O₂ exposure increased the iron content and lipid peroxidation (p<0.05), which induced ferroptosis. Conclusion: Oxidative stress could impair meat quality by causing mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in calcium metabolism disorder and ferroptosis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제65권6호
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• pp.1323-1340
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• 2023

There are several factors that affect the welfare and meat quality of pigs during pre-slaughter transport. Among various factors, the effects of weather conditions and loading density were studied. A total of 3,726 finishing pigs were allotted to one of nine groups arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial design according to the weather conditions (low temperature [LT], under 10℃; normal temperature [NT], 10℃-24℃; high temperature [HT], upper 24℃), and loading density (low density [LD], upper 0.43 m²/100 kg; normal density [ND], 0.37-0.43 m²/100 kg; high density [HD], under 0.37 m²/100 kg). Each treatment group follow as: LTLD, LTND, LTHD, NTLD, NTND, NTHD, HTLD, HTND, HTHD. In terms of carcass composition, pigs had the highest carcass weight and backfat thickness at LT. Comparing the HD transport to the ND transport, the meat quality indicated a lower pH and more drip loss. The incidence rate of pale, soft, exudative (PSE) pork was high in the order of the HD, LD, and the ND transport (20%, 9%, and 2%, respectively). The HT transport showed the lowest pH and greatest L^* value under the given weather conditions. Pigs transported under the HTHD and LTLD conditions had the greatest rates of PSE pork (40% and 20%, respectively). Pigs exposed to HD transport had the shortest laying time and the highest overplap behavior. The LDLT transport pigs had a shorter laying time than the LDNT and LDHT transport pigs. In conclusion, too high or too low density transport is generally not excellent for meat quality or animal welfare, however it is preferable to transport at a slightly low density at high temperature and at a slightly high density at low temperature.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.327-332
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• 2008

본 연구는 Bacillus 균주가 함유된 배합사료 급여시 비육돈의 생산성, 육질 특성 및 분내 유해가스 발생에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 시험 개시시 체중이 $83.53{\pm}1.01\;kg$인 3원 교잡종(Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc)의 비육돈 36두를 공시하였으며, 5주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험설계는 1) CON(basal diet), 2) B1(basal diet + B. subtilis 제제 0.1%) 및 3) B2(basal diet + B. subtilis 제제 0.2%)로 3개 처리를 하여 처리당 3반복, 반복당 4두씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 전체 사양시험 기간 동안의 체중, 일당증체량, 일당사료섭취량 및 사료효율은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 육질 특성에 있어서도 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 황화수소($H_2S$)는 B2처리구가 다른 처리구와 비교하여 가장 낮은 함량을 나타났다(p<0.05). 암모니아($NH_3$), 메캅탄(R SH) 및 acetic acid의 함량은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 없었지만 B2처리구가 대조구에 비해 감소하는 경향을 나타났다(p>0.05). 결론적으로 비육돈에 있어 생균제 0.2% 첨가 급여시 분내 악취 물질에 있어 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.