• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2015

Due to the attractive benefits with regard to bone health, digestion, and hydration, carbonated water consumption have rapidly grown over the past few years. However, the acidic drink has latent potential for enamel erosion. The most experimental studies about the enamel erosion have focused on the carbonated beverages with sugar and artificial sweeteners. Here, we determined the enamel erosion potential by commercially available carbonated waters with bovine teeth. The erosion was verified by pH value, calcium concentration, and scanning electron microscope. Then plaque accumulation by bacterial adhesion was determined on the enamel erosion surface to measure roughness. In the present study, we observed that the increased calcium content after being immersed in carbonated waters result from the overall enamel erosion. There were no significant differences between general carbonated waters and mineral waters for erosive capacity. Therefore, commercially available carbonated waters are potentially erosive. In addition, oral bacteria strongly adhered to the erosive enamel surfaces thereby facilitating the development of dental plaque. Thus, it is urgently necessary to provide food safety information on the carbonated water as acidic drink to prevent the enamel erosion.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.356-365
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• 2021

Background: Concerns have been raised regarding the criteria of groundwater, in particular in Gwangwon-do Province where many residents drink groundwater due to the poor supply of tap water and a high nonconformity rate with water quality criteria nationwide. Objectives: Water quality monitoring and risk assessment were conducted for groundwater in Hoengseong, Gangwon-do Province. Methods: A total of 46 items required for meeting drinking water criteria were analyzed from 258 samples collected from March 2017 through August 2018 (152 sites in 2017 and 106 sites in 2018). Risk assessment was conducted for two non-carcinogens (F^- and NO₃-N), and one carcinogen (i.e., arsenic) based on their high nonconformity to water quality criteria. Results: Water quality analysis revealed that the total proportion of nonconformities was determined to be 27.9%. The nonconformity rate for each content item is as follows: total colony counts (1.6%), total coliform (6.2%), Escherichia coli (1.2%), F^- (8.1%), arsenic (4.7%), NO₃-N (8.1%), pH (1.2%), manganese (0.4%), and turbidity (5.8%). Risk assessment indicated that fluoride induced a hazard quotient greater than 1 with the 95% UCL (Upper Confidence Limit) concentration of the total 258 sites and average, median, and 95% UCL concentrations of nonconformity sites. For NO₃-N, there was no human health risk. For arsenic, the excess cancer risk exceeded the acceptable cancer risk of 1×10^-6 with the average and 95% UCL concentrations of total 258 sites and average, median, and 95% UCL concentrations of nonconformity sites. Conclusions: This study suggests that it is necessary to expand water quality monitoring of groundwater and conduct a more detailed risk assessment in order to establish a health care plan for the residents of Hoengseong, Gangwon-do Province.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.127-132
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• 1972

Experimental studies on the water content of muscles and the histological changes of muscles, digestive tract and kidney, influenced by forced oral administration of excessive tap water, were performed by using 10 Korean bulls. Experimental animals were divided into two groups, five heads for test group and five for control group. All of the bulls used in this experiment were weighing between 250 kg and 300 kg and 3 and 4 years of age. In each test animal, a total of 140 litters of tap water was passed in the forestomach by means of catheterization within 12 to 18 hours. And each of them was slaughtered immediately after the animals showing symptoms of respiratory distress. In control group, the animals were allowed to drink tap water normally. From test and control animals after slaughter, each 10 gm of M. biceps femoris, M. satorius, M. adductor, M. gluteous supercialis, M. iliocostalis lumborum, and M. transversus costarum were taken from definite parts in order to measure water content. In the histopathological studies tissues of rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, colon and kidney were taken as wall as the above mentioned muscles. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Increase of water content in the muscles of test group were 4.6% in M. satorius, 4.24% in M. transversus costarum, 4.14% in M. gluteous supercialis, 4.02% in M. adductor, 3.88% in M. biceps femoris, and 2.46% in M. iliocostalis lumborum respectively. The highest increase was found in M. satorius and the lowest in M. iliocostalis lumborum. 2. In test animal, average increasing value of water content in muscles was 3.9% and shown highly significant (p<0.01). 3. On the microscopical findings of carcass, marked watery edema was observed all of the subcutaneous tissues and intermuscular connective tissues. 4. Microscopically, the epimysium, perimysium and endomysium were widened, and the muscle fibers were lacerated. The cells of stratum lucidum in the epithelium of rumen and reticulum were shown marked vacuolization. In the kidney, dilatation of Bowman's spaces and proximal tubles was observed.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1158-1163
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• 2006

More than 95% of lead, a environmental heavy metal, entering into blood accumulates in erythrocytes suggesting erythrocytes as an important target of lead toxicity. Recent studies reported that erythrocytes could contribute to blood coagulation via phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure in erythrocytes. However, in vivo effects of chronic lead exposure especially by drink-ing water on procoagulant activity of erythrocytes have not been studied yet. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic exposure of lead by drinking water on erythrocytes in rats. Groups of 40 male rats were provided with drinking water containing various concentrations of lead for 4 weeks and complete blood cell count, procoagulant activities of erythrocytes and platelets were evaluated with basic inspections on body weight and food/water consumption. The administration of lead containing drinking water increased the blood lead level (BLL) in a dose-dependent manner up to $22.39{\pm}2.26\;{\mu}g/dL$. Water consumption was significantly decreased while food consumption or body weight gain was not affected. In contrast to the previous findings with acute lead exposure, chronic lead exposure failed to increase PS exposure in erythrocytes with statistical significance although some trends of enhancement were observed. It implies that a certain adaptation might have happened in body during repeated exposure to lead, resulting in attenuation of PS exposure. With this study, we believe that a valuable information was provided for the study on the toxicological significance and the risk assessment of lead contaminated drinking water.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3611-3614
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• 2016

Background: Propolis based preparations have a wide range of applications in various specialties of dentistry. The aim of this clinical trial was to test the efficacy of propolis as a mouthwash in the reduction of chemotherapy induced oral mucositis (OM) in a single center. Materials and Methods: In this randomised, controlled study patients undergoing chemotherapy were included consecutively and randomised to an experimental group receiving propolis mouthwash (n = 20) and a control group receiving diluted water (n=20). Oral mucositis, erythema and eating and drink ability were assessed at baseline and after 3 and 7 days using the World Health Organization (WHO) scale and the oral mucositis assessment scale (OMAS). Results: There were significant differences in OM, wound and erythema in propolis group compared to placebo, but no significant difference in eating and drink ability. However, it was interesting that 65% of the patients in the propolis group were completely healed at day 7 of the trial. No significant adverse events were reported by the patients. Conclusions: This study found that oral care with propolis as mouthwash for patients undergoing chemotherapy is an effective intervention to improve oral health. Our findings shouldlencourage health practitioners to apply propolis mouth rinse for the oral care of patients under chemotherapy.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.657-667
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• 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of dental erosion by three different types of commercial fermented milk on the enamel surface of bovine teeth. Methods: Forty bovine teeth (four groups of 10) were immersed in fermented milk (experimental groups: liquid type, condense-stirred type and condense-drink type) or mineral water (control group) for 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Enamel surface microhardness was measured before and after treatment with a microhardness tester, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to assess the enamel surface morphology. Results:Changes in enamel surface microhardness (before-after treatment; ${\Delta}VHN$) were significantly different among the four groups (p<0.05). ${\Delta}VHN$ was highest in the liquid type group, followed by the condense-stirred type, condense-drink type, and control groups. The ${\Delta}VHNs$ of three types of fermented milk groups were higher than that of the control group (p<0.05). The liquid type group showed higher ${\Delta}VHN$ than the other two types of condense fermented milk groups (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in ${\Delta}VHN$ between the two types of condense fermented milk (p>0.05). The results of SEM observation have shown the most severe surface damage in bovine teeth immersed in the liquid type of fermented milk. Conclusions: In this study, it appears that liquid type fermented milk causes greater development of dental erosion. The physical properties and pH of fermented milk types must be considered for prevention of dental erosion associated with ingestion of fermented milk.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.158-168
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• 2024

There is hardly any person in modern times who has not taken soft drinks instead of drinking water. The rate of people taking soft drinks being surprisingly high, researchers around the world have cautioned from time to time that these drinks lead to weight gain, raise the risk of non-communicable diseases and so on. Therefore, in this work an image-based tool is developed to monitor the nutritional information of soft drinks by using deep convolutional neural network with transfer learning. At first, visual saliency, mean shift segmentation, thresholding and noise reduction technique, collectively known as 'pre-processing' are adopted to extract the location of drinks region. After removing backgrounds and segment out only the desired area from image, we impose Discrete Wavelength Transform (DWT) based resolution enhancement technique is applied to improve the quality of image. After that, transfer learning model is employed for the classification of drinks. Finally, nutrition value of each drink is estimated using Bag-of-Feature (BoF) based classification and Euclidean distance-based ratio calculation technique. To achieve this, a dataset is built with ten most consumed soft drinks in Bangladesh. These images were collected from imageNet dataset as well as internet and proposed method confirms that it has the ability to detect and recognize different types of drinks with an accuracy of 98.51%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1415-1421
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the effects of puffed-red ginseng (PRG) powder and drink on blood glucose level and serum lipid profile in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. For the experimental design, STZ-induced diabetic rats were fed PRG powder-supplemented diets (0.3%, 0.6%) and diluted drinks (0.14%, 0.28%) for 6 weeks. Concentrations of blood glucose during the experimental period decreased to 18.3 mg/dL in the 0.6% PRG diet group and 15.1 mg/dL in the 0.14% PRG drink group. Average reduction rate of blood glucose in the last week compared to reference blood glucose concentration decreased by 19.2% (A group), 37.4% (B group), 18.7% (C group), and 17.3% (D group) in the PRG treatment groups, respectively. These results indicate that PRG affects blood glucose via ginseng saponins administered in diet or drinking water, thereby suggesting that PRG has the ability to prevent increasing blood glucose in mild-induced diabetic rats.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.805-817
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the preference and consumption status of non-alcohol and alcohol beverages of Korean and Chinese university students in the Jeonbuk area. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from 241 Korean and 198 Chinese students. Statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS v. 12.0. 'Water' was the most commonly consumed non-alcohol beverages by all Korean and Chinese students. The intake frequency of 'carbonated drink' (p<.001), 'fruits/vegetable juice' (p<.05), and 'vinegar drink' (p<.01) of Chinese male students was significantly higher than the Korean male students. The intake frequency of 'ionic drink' (p<.001; p<.01) of Korean male and female students was significantly higher than the Chinese male and female students. The intake frequency of 'fruits/vegetable juice' (p<.001), 'milk' (p<.01), and 'soymilk' (p<.05) of Chinese female students was higher than the Korean female students. For the choosing the non-alcohol beverages, the Chinese female students were more health-oriented than the Korean female students (p<.01). 'Beer' was the most commonly consumed alcohol beverages by the Korean male and female and Chinese male students whereas 'Wine' was the most commonly consumed alcohol beverages by the Chinese female students. The intake frequency of 'Soju' of Korean male (p<.001) and female (p<.001) students was higher than the Chinese male and female students. The intake frequency of 'Wine' of Chinese male (p<.05) and female (p<.001) students higher than the Korean male and female students. Compared with the Chinese female students, the Korean female students more funds have to spend, in order to buy alcohol beverages (p<.01). More 81% of the Korean male and 80% of the female students reported drinking alcohol in 'beer house' whereas 78% of the Chinese male and 65% of female students drunken the alcohol in the 'beer house' or at 'home' (p<.01; p<.001). In conclusion, a practically and foreigner-friendly alcohol policies of university should be devised to reduce the alcohol consumption of students and related problems.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2004

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to find effects of early oral water intake on thirsty feeling, nausea, and vomiting after ambulatory surgery. Method : Sixty patients who received PET(Pressure Equalizing Tube) insertion surgery under general anesthesia were conveniently sampled and divided into two groups. Experimental group was instructed to drink water after two hours and control group was directed to intake water after three hours postoperatively. Data were collected from May 1, 2002 to August 31, 2002 at ambulatory surgery center of Asan Medical Center. The thirsty feeling, nausea and vomiting score between experimental and control group were compared at the time of recovery, recovering consciousness, 2hr, 3hr, right before discharge and/or 24hr(telephone interview) postoperatively. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS 8.0 statistic program. Result : Result of this study are as follows. 1) There was a statistically significant difference(t=-10.31, p=0.00) in the occurrence of thirsty feeling at the 3hr postoperatively between experimental and control groups. 2) There was a statistically significant difference($x^2=6.66$, p=0.02) in the incidence of nausea during the 2hr postoperatively between experimental and control groups. 3) There was no difference($x^2=0.35$, p=0.55) between groups in vomiting scores. Conclusion : It was generally known that the delay of oral water intake decreases post operative complications. But, this study shows that early oral water intake decreases discomfort of thirsty and there was no adverse effects on the occurrence of postoperative nausea and vomiting.