• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.562-570
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• 2003

The awareness of ritual foods in general rituals were surveyed and compared in the Gyeonggi and Gyungsangbuk-do areas in order to identify the characteristics of Korean rituals and establish desirable ritual foods. As materials for "Jeon" (fried pan cakes) in rituals, fish fillets, meat and vegetables were largely used in the Gyeonggi region. In the Gyeongbuk region, all three of these ingredients were the most highly used for "Jeon" also. In the case of rice cakes, "Songpyun" steamed on a layer of pine needles, "Jeolpyun" and "Sirudduk", with a red beans, were mostly used in Gyeonggi-do, while "Songpyun", "Jeolpyun" and "Ingelmi" were largely used in Gyeongsangbuk-do. As seasoned vegetables and herbs, fernbrakes, root of bell flowers, green bean sprouts and bean sprouts were largely used in Gyeonggi-do region, whereas, fernbrakes, bean sprouts, root of bell flowers and spinaches were mainly used in Gyeongbuk region. The use of fernbrakes was highest in both regions. With regard to the number of side dishes, 2∼3 kinds of seasoned herbs and 3∼4 kinds of fruits were mostly used, but with slightly higher numbers in the Gyeongsangbuk-do than the Gyeonggi-do region. With regard to liquor used for rituals, clear strained rice wine was used most in the Gyeonggi-do area, while more unrefined rice wine was used in the Gyeongbuk region. Meat was the most used ingredient in broth slices of dried meat and cod were highly used in the Gyeonggi region, but slices of dried squid were most widely used in the Gyeongbuk region. Most households in both regions tended not to use raw fish in the rituals, and as for the ingredients of Korean Kabobs, meat was the most widely used, then fish and finally vegetables were the most used ingredients. Beef soup was the most used, but more green vegetable soup was used in the Gyeongbuk than the Gyeonggi region. Sweet drink made from fermented rice (sikhe) was generally used in the rituals. It was the most widely used in the Chusok-Hangawi Ritual in the Gyeonggi region, while it was used in the New Year's Ritual in the Gyeongbuk region.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 1982

밤과(果) ${\ulcorner}$은기(銀奇)${\lrcorner}$를 동결건조(凍結乾燥)하여 생(生)밤과(果), 동결건조(凍結乾燥) 즉후의 밤과(果), 그리고 동결건조후(凍結乾燥後) 저장(貯藏) 밤과(果) 별(別)로 무기질(無機質)의 함량변화(含量變化)를 분석(分析)하고 또 각(各) 시료(試料)의 총지질(總脂質)과 관 크로마토그래피법(法)으로 분획(分劃)된 중성지질(中性脂質), 당지질(糖脂質) 및 인지질(燐脂質)의 지방산(脂肪酸) 조성(組成), 그리고 생(生)밤과(果)의 불감화물에 함유(含有)된 sterol 조성(組成)을 각각(各各) GLC법(法)으로 분석(分析)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 생(生)밤과(果), 동결건조(凍結乾燥) 즉후의 밤과(果), 고리고 동결건조(凍結乾燥後)후 저장(貯藏) 밤과(果)의 무기질(無機質) 성분(成分)을 정량(定量)하여 Table 4와 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었으며, 마그네슘, 철 및 인의 함량(含量)이 동결건조후(凍結乾燥後) 저장(貯藏)하는 동안에 감소(減少)하였다. 2. 생(生)밤과(果)의 총지질(總脂質)을 구성(構成)하는 중성지질(中性脂質)의 함량(含量)은 34.6%, 당지질(糖脂質)의 함량(含量)은 38.6%, 그리고 인지질(燐脂質)의 함량(含量)은 26.8%이었고, 이들중에서 동결건조후(凍結乾燥後) 저장(貯藏)하는 동안에 중성지질(中性脂質)과 인지질(燐脂質)은 감소(減少)하며 당지질(糖脂質)은 증가(增加)하였다. 3. 총지질(總脂質)의 지방산(脂肪酸) 조성(組成)은 생(生)밤과(果)에서는 $C_{16:0}$산(酸)(27.5%), $C_{18:2}$산(酸)(42.0%) 및 $C_{18:3}$산(酸)(17.3%)이, 동결건조(凍結乾燥) 즉후 밤과(果)에서는 $C_{16:0}$산(酸)(22.6%), $C_{18:1}$산(酸)(17.8%) 및 $C_{18:2}$(41.3%), 산동결건조후(酸凍結乾燥後) 저장(貯藏) 밤과(果)에서는 $C_{16:0}$산(酸)(33.0%), $C_{18:1}$산(酸)(21.6%) 및 $C_{18:2}$산(酸)(29.4%)이 그 대부분(大部分)을 점유(占有)하고 있었고 불포화(不飽和) 지방산(脂肪酸)의 함량비율(含量比率)이 평균(平均) 65.8%로서 대단(大端)히 높았다. 4. 생(生)밤과(果), 동결건조(凍結乾燥) 즉후 밤과(果), 그리고 동결건조(凍結乾燥後) 저장(貯藏) 밤과(果)에서 총지질(總脂質)을 구성(構咸)하는 지방산(脂肪酸) 조성(組成)은 $C_{18:2}$산(酸), $C_{16:0}$산(酸)의 순(順)으로 그 함량(含最)이 맞은데 비(比)하여 각획분(各劃分)의 지질(脂質)을 구성(構成)하는 지방산(脂肪酸) 조성(組成)은 $C_{16:0}$산(酸), $C_{18:2}$산(酸)의 순(順)으로 그 함량(含量)이 많은 것으로 나타났으며 동결건조후(凍結乾燥後) 저장(貯藏)하는 동안에$C_{18:2}$산(酸), $C_{18:3}$산(酸)의 함량(含量)이 계속(繼續) 감소(減少)하고 있었다. 5. 4-monomethylsterol fraction에는 cycloartenol(20.6%)이 비교적(比較的) 높은 함량(含量)으로 함유(含有)되어 있었고, 그 외(外) cyclolaudenol, cycloeucalenol 및 citrostadienol 등이 함유(含有)되어 있었다. 6. 4-desmethylsterol fraction에 는 sitosterol (74.6%)이 주성분(主成分)을 이루고 있었고, 그외(外) ${\Delta}^5-avenasterol$, campesterol, stigmasterol 및 brassicasterol등이 함유(含有)되어 있었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2009

본 시험은 양질의 미국산 DDGS를 산란계 사료에 첨가하여 산란계의 생산성, 계란의 품질 및 난황 지질의 총지방 함량과 지방산 조성에 미치는 영양적 가치를 평가하고자 하였다. 또한, 가파르게 상승하고 있는 옥수수와 대두박을 대체할 원료 사료로써의 DDGS의 경제성을 검토하기 위해 실시하였다. 23주령의 Hy-line Brown 계통의 산란계 216수에 DDGS를 각각 0%, 10%, 20%를 첨가한 3가지의 동에너지 (TMEn 2,780 kcal/kg)-동단백질(17%) 사료를 10주간 급이하였다. 실험 설계는 3처리 6반복, 반복당 12수씩을 완전 임의배치하였다. 사료 섭취량, 산란율 및 난생산 사료 요구율 등의 산란 생산성은 모든 처리구 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 실험 사료 급여 후 5주째와 10주째에 측정한 난각색, 난백고 및 Haugh unit는 DDGS 첨가에 의한 영향을 받지 않았다. 난각 무게, 난각 두께, 난각 강도와 같은 난각질에서는 5주째에는 영향을 받지 않았으나, 10주째에는 DDGS 20%구에서 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 난황색도의 경우 5주째와 10주째 공히 DDGS 0%구에 비해서 DDGS 20%구에서 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 난황 비율은 DDGS 20%구에서 DDGS 0%구에 비하여 유의하게 감소하였다(P<0.05). 난황의 총 지방 함량은 처리구 사이에 차이가 없었다. 난황의 일가불포화 지방산 함량은 DDGS 첨가에 의하여 감소하였으며, 다가불포화 지방산 함량은 DDGS 20%구에서 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). DDGS 첨가는 난황 지방산의 불포화도에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 각 처리구별 시험 사료의 kg당 단가는 DDGS 사용량이 증가할수록 저렴하게 나왔다. 계란 1 kg의 생산 비용도 DDGS 10%, DDGS 20%, DDGS 0% 순서로 저렴하게 나타나고 있어서, DDGS가 옥수수-대두박을 대체할 수 있는 경제성이 충분하다고 판단된다. 결론적으로 산란계 사료에서 DDGS를 20%까지 사용 할 경우 생산성의 큰 변화없이 경제성이 대조구보다는 우수하지만, DDGS를 10% 정도 첨가하여 사용하는 것이 더 경제적이라고 사료된다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.136-149
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• 1996

The effects of various All-Etching Agents (10% phosphoric acid, 10% maleic acid and 10 % citric acid) and 32 % phosphoric acid and varied etching time were evaluated by observing the morphology of the etched enamel surfaces using Scanning electron microscopy and by measuring the shear bond strength of a composite resin to human enamel. A total of 156 extracted premolar and molar teeth free of irregularities were employed in this study. Specimens for the observation of enamel morphology were divided into 12 groups of 3 teeth each, based on the type of etchant used and application time. After exposure to the etching agent specimens were washed air-dried and then glued to aluminum stubs and coated with a layer of gold for examination in the scanning electron microscope. Specimens for the evaluation of bond strength were divided into 12 groups of 10 teeth each also based on the type of etchant used and application time. After exposure to the etching agent the specimens were washed, air-dried and a thin layer of bonding agent was applied using a brush. Z 100 composite resin was light cured to the surface and stored at $37^{\circ}C$, 100% humidity for 7 days. An Instron Universal Testing Machine was used to apply a shearing force at $90^{\circ}$ angle from the enamel surface. It is concluded from this study that commercial All-etching agents can be used with a 15-second etching without adversely affecting retention of dental resin materials. At the same time, the acid concentration is probably a suitable compromise regarding the acid's function as a dentin demineralizing all-etch conditioning agent. The following results were obtained. 1. Specimens etched with 10 % citric acid showed a random superficial etching pattern which could not be related to prism morphology. 2. Specimens etched with 10 % and 32 % phosphoric acid and 10 % maleic acid showed a type I pattern in which core material was preferentially removed leaving the prism peripheries relatively intact or a type II pattern in which prism peripheries were preferentially removed. This delineation became more distinguished as etching time was increased. 3. All-Etching Agents and 32 % phosphoric acid showed a statistically significant higher shear bond strength at 15 seconds etching time.(p<0.05) 4. 10 % maleic acid and 32 % phosphoric acid exhibited a statistically significant higher shear bond strength than 10 % phosphoric and citric acid at 15 seconds etching time.(p<0.05).

• 보존과학회지
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• 제21권
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• pp.73-88
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• 2007

석조문화재 강화제로 사용되는 에틸실리케이트 강화제 2종과 살생물제 5종을 순서를 달리하며 반응시켜 보존처리제들간의 상호반응성에 대해 연구하였다. 반응생성물의 조직, 무게와 겔형성시간을 통해 살생물제 단독의 반응성, 강화제와 살생물제의 동시반응성, 증발된 살생물제와 강화제의 반응성과 형성된 겔과 살생물제의 반응이 평가되었다. 시험한 일부 살생물제는 건조 후 염결정을 형성하였으며, 일부 살생물제는 증발시간이 매우 길고, 색을 띠어 살생물제와 반응할 에틸실리케이트 강화제와는 상이한 성질을 보였다. 시험된 강화제와 살생물제 간에는 처리의 전후에 관계없이 상호반응이 일어났다. 에틸실리케이트 강화제와 살생물제를 동시에 반응시켰을 때 살생물제가 함유하고 있는 수분으로 인하여 수분과 강화제와의 반응, 살생물제의 염성분과 강화제와의 반응을 일으킴으로서 살생물제는 겔형성을 저지시키는 결과를 보였다. 건조된 살생물제와 반응시킨 에틸실리케이트는 겔만이 형성된 투명한 층과 살생물제가 섞인 혼합층으로의 분리가 발생하였으며, 서로 다른 수축율 때문에 생성물 내에 남은 균열이 발생되고 결과적으로는 강화제로서의 역할을 하지 못하였다. 형성된 겔과 가스상의 살생물제와의 반응께서는 겔의 조직이나 색의 변화가 관찰되지 않았다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.62-70
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• 1985

The purpose of this study is to investigate the basic data such the total, the daily maximum, and the peak stage of consumptive use of water and also the soil moisture extraction pattern for irrigation plan of tobacco during the growing period. The plots at which this study was conducted are divided into three fertilization levels of 30g, 60g, and 90g. Each block for three levels is divided as vinyl mulching and irrigation plot, vinyl mulching and nonirrigation plot, and nonmulching and irrigation plot. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The evapotranspiration amount of mulching-irrigation plots are similar to that of mulching-nonirrigation plots. While, the evapotranspiration amount of mulching plots are different obviousely from that of nonmulching plots. Therefore, a significance was recognized between the mulching plots and the nonmulching plots. 2. The amount of evapotranspiration in case of 60g and 90g fertilization level was larger than that of 30g. But the 60g plots and the 90g plots showed little differences. 3. In the total amount of evapotranspiration for each of the experimental plots during the growing period, nonmulching-irrigation plot showed the largest value of 332.9mm, second the mulching-irrigation plot, 284. 9mm, and the mulching-nonirrigation plot, the smallest as 255. 9mm. 4. In the monthly average amount of evapotranspiration for each of the treatment plots, the mulching-irrigation the mulching-nonirrigation, and the nonmulching-irrigation plot showed 3. 6mm, 3. 2mm and 4. 2mm respectively. The daily maximum amount of evapotranspiration showed 5. 1mm, 4. 5mm, and 6.4mm for the mulching-irrigation, the mulching-nonirrigationl, and the nonmulching-irrigation plot respectively. 5. It was confirmed that the higher correlationship exists between the weight of dried leaves and the amount of evapotranspiration, and between the weight of dried leaves and the coefficient of evapotranspiration with the function of logarithms. The coefficient of evapotranspiration have a tendency to increase in proportion to the leaf area index. 6. The maximum coefficient of evapotranspration and the largest leaf area index showed 1. 45 and 5.5 respectively. The stage appeared maximum values was assumed to be before and after flowering. 7. The soil moisture extraction pattern has changed by the depth of root zone for the tobacco's growing. The soil moisture extraction influenced on the 20cm depth of soil after 15 days passed, the 30cm depth after 25 days passed and the whole root zone after 45 days passed from planting. It was shown in the only mulching-irrigation plot after S5days passed from planting that the rate of soil moisture extraction of 20cm layer was larger than that of 10cm layer.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.125-132
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• 1983

Dielectric properties of sardine-starch paste with moisture content of 4 to $13\%$ were investigated as functions of moisture and frequency. And the effects of the levels of fat and starch of the mixtures upon dielectric permittivity, critical moisture, were also mentioned. In addition, a theoretical prediction of frequency dependence of dielectric constant which was computed by the lumped circuit of two layer condenser model was evaluated. For the preparation of sardine-starch paste, comminuted sardine meat was washed thoroughly several times in chilled water by soaking and decanting, and finally centrifuged. This procedure was extended longer to provide a low fat sample. The centrifuged meat was mixed with adequate amounts of starch and salt, and ground for 25 minutes in a stone mortar, moulded in the form of disk with 7cm diameter and 1.2cm thickness and then freeze dried. Dried meat disks were cut off for the size of 5.5cm diameter and 1.0cm thickness and their moisture contents were controlled in humidified desiccators with saturated solutions. Dielectric constants of sardine-starch paste tended to decrease frequency was increased showing a critical charge at the moisture called critical moisture content. In case of the sample with $20\%$ starch and $2\%$ salt an average complex permittivity($\epsilon^{\ast}$) at 7 to $8\%$ morsture as the critical moisture content was presented; $\epsilon^{\ast}$=3.37+j 0.39 at 0.1 MHz, $\epsilon^{\ast}$=2.54+j 0.19 at 15 MHz, and $\epsilon^{\ast}$=2.15+j 0.08 at 1.8 GHz, respectively. The theoretically obtained complex permittivity values from the two layer condoner model were in close agreement with these actual measurements under the same conditions, that appeared as $\epsilon^{\ast}$=2.53+i 0.09 at 0.1 MHz and $\epsilon^{\ast}$=2.28+j 0.06 at 15 MHz, respectively. The fast level of the mixture also revealed an influence on dielectric property that defatted neat with $1.0\%$ fat showed a higher hc and $\epsilon^{\ast}$ value than the meat with $4.8\%$ fat. Complex permittivity being related to the moisture level remained nearly unchanged or slightly changed at the moisture range of 4 to $8\%$ but was dispersed widely at higher moisture contents.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.366-375
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• 2023

Background: Ginseng contains three active components: ginsenosides, gintonin, and polysaccharides. After the separation of 1 of the 3 ingredient fractions, other fractions are usually discarded as waste. In this study, we developed a simple and effective method, called the ginpolin protocol, to separate gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF), ginseng polysaccharide fraction (GPF), and crude ginseng saponin fraction (cGSF). Methods: Dried ginseng (1 kg) was extracted using 70% ethanol (EtOH). The extract was water fractionated to obtain a water-insoluble precipitate (GEF). The upper layer after GEF separation was precipitated with 80% EtOH for GPF preparation, and the remaining upper layer was vacuum dried to obtain cGSF. Results: The yields of GEF, GPF, and cGSF were 14.8, 54.2, and 185.3 g, respectively, from 333 g EtOH extract. We quantified the active ingredients of 3 fractions: L-arginine, galacturonic acid, ginsenosides, glucuronic acid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), phosphatidic acid (PA), and polyphenols. The order of the LPA, PA, and polyphenol content was GEF > cGSF > GPF. The order of L-arginine and galacturonic acid was GPF >> GEF = cGSF. Interestingly, GEF contained a high amount of ginsenoside Rb1, whereas cGSF contained more ginsenoside Rg1. GEF and cGSF, but not GPF, induced intracellular [Ca²⁺]_i transient with antiplatelet activity. The order of antioxidant activity was GPF > GEF = cGSF. Immunological activities (related to nitric oxide production, phagocytosis, and IL-6 and TNF-α release) were, in order, GPF > GEF = cGSF. The neuroprotective ability (against reactive oxygen species) order was GEF > cGSP > GPF. Conclusion: We developed a novel ginpolin protocol to isolate 3 fractions in batches and determined that each fraction has distinct biological effects.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.545-553
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• 2003

상아질 접착력을 높이기 위해서는 적절히 습윤한 상아질 표면을 얻는 것이 중요하다. 이런 방법에는 정확한 지침이 없으며, 주관적이고 술자에 따라 많은 차이가 있다. 본 연구에서는 적절히 습윤한 상아질을 얻는 방법에 관한 연구의 일환으로, 유치의 산부식 후. 여러 가지 방법을 이용해 상아질을 건조시킨 표본의 조직상을 획득하여 상아질 표면의 차이를 비교하고자 하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 유치 상아질을 산부식하면, 도말층이 제거되고 상아세관이 노출되며, 관간상아질과 관주상아질이 탈회되고, 교원섬유가 풍부한 이행층이 노출되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 2. 산부식된 상아질이 과도하게 건조되면 탈회된 상아질이 수축하여, 관간상아질이 붕괴되어 높이가 점차적으로 낮아지고 상아세관의 직경은 조금씩 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 유치 산부식 후, 10cm 거리에서 20초 동안 압축 공기로 건조시키면 상아질이 과도하게 건조, 탈수됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 4. 유치 산부식 후, 10cm 거리에서 3초 동안 압축 공기로 건조시키거나 마른 cotton, 젖은 cotton, microbrush, absorbent tissue paper로 건조시키면 상아질이 적절하게 건조됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.149-155
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• 2021

In virucidal efficacy testing, the chemical inactivation cannot be determined for all viruses due to the difficulties or the inability to culture sufficiently or the risk of exposure to the viruses. Therefore, disinfectants against these viruses could be evaluated by different methods and surrogate viruses are used as alternative. In this study we developed a method for efficacy testing of veterinary disinfectants using one of the candidate surrogate viruses, bacteriophage MS2, as part of the research on the selection of surrogate viruses for efficiency of efficacy testing of veterinary disinfectants. This method is based on the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (APQA) guidelines for efficacy testing of veterinary disinfectants. Bacteriophage and disinfectant are reacted in suspension in accordance with the APQA guidelines and then a newly established double agar layer method is applied for the efficacy test. The double agar layer method is summarized as follows: 1) The bottom agar with 1.5% agar is boiled and cooled before poured into petri dishes at volume of 20 mL, and dried under biological safety cabinet. 2) The top agar with 0.7% agar is boiled and kept at 50℃ before E. coli culture was seeded. 3) The serially diluted bacteriophage MS2-disinfectant mixtures 0.05 mL and E. coli host 0.01 mL (OD₆₀₀ 0.2~0.3) are mixed with 5 mL of top agar and incubate them at 50℃ for 5 min for reaction. 4) The resulting mixture is poured over top of a bottom agar plate and rocked sufficiently to ensure that the top agar covers the entire surface of the bottom agar. 5) The double agar layer is then placed under biological safety cabinet to allow the agar layer to solidify and subsequently incubated at 37℃ for 24 hr. 6) Following incubation, the plates may be inspected for plaques and record results.