• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.645-655
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• 2022

Granular columns have recently found widespread use in underground construction. The behaviour of granular columns under vertical loads has been extensively studied, specifically in relation to vertical load capacity obtained by bulging of the column body, including the behaviour after encasement of material. Determining the shear strength of loose soils reinforced with granular columns has received less attention. After the observations of lateral deformation near the toe of the embankment, attempts have been made to strengthen the lateral strength of granular columns. The purpose of this research is to look into the effects of different encasement conditions on the lateral load capacity of granular columns. This was accomplished by three-dimensional finite element analysis with FEM software. Various normal pressures and two different encasement configurations, namely single layer encasement and double layer encasement, with differing tensile strengths, were used in this study to determine their effect on lateral resistance. The failure envelope for a single column planted in loose sand was used to analyse the findings for three different granular column diameters, as well as the impact of different encasement conditions. According to the findings, the inclusion of a Granular Column enhanced the shear strength and overall stiffness of the loose sand bed, and the encasement of the Granular Column helped in deriving higher lateral resistance.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.82 no.3
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• pp.401-416
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• 2022

The aim of this study is to examine the frictionless double receding contact problem for two functionally graded (FG) layers pressed with a uniformly distributed load and resting on a homogeneous half plane (HP) using analytical and numerical methods. The FG layers are made of a non-homogeneous material with an isotropic stress-strain law with exponentially varying properties. It is assumed that the contact at the FG layers and FG layer-HP interface is frictionless. The body force of the FG layers and homogeneous HP are ignored in the study. Firstly, an analytical solution for the contact problem has been realized using the theory of elasticity and the Fourier integral transform techniques. Then, the problem modeled and two-dimensional analysis was carried out by using the ANSYS package program based on FEM. Numerical results for contact lengths and contact pressures between FG layers and FG layer-HP were provided for various dimensionless quantities including material inhomogeneity, distributed load width, the shear module ratio, and the heights of the FG layers for both methods. The results obtained using FEM were compared with the results found using the analytical formulation. It was found that the results obtained from analytical formulation were in perfect agreement with the FEM study.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2006

Two ciliates of suborder Euplotina collected from the two habitats (estuarine littoral and sewage treatment plant) in Ulsan, Korea were Euplotes charon ($M\ddot{u}ller$, 1773) and Diophrys oligothrix Borror, 1965. These two species are reported for the first time from Korea. The description was based on the observation of living and silver impregnated specimens. Diagnostic characteristics of these species are as follows. E. charon: size in vivo about $90-130\times65-80{\mu}m$, adoral zone of membranelles over 79.5% of cell length with 54-80 adoral membranelles; right margin of the peristome shaped sinusoidal form and passed through adoral zone of membranelles; buccal cavity wide anteriorly; 10 frontoventral, 5 transverse, 4 caudal cirri, 12 dorsal kineties, mid-dorsal kinety with 21 -25 dorsal bristles; silver-line system double-eurystomus type. D. oligothrix: size in vivo about $80-90\times30-70{\mu}m$; body shape ovoid with prominent right concave posterio-lateral end, two irregular elongated macronuclei with one micronucleus, respectively; 7 fronto-ventral, 5 transverse, 2 left marginal and 2 caudal cirri, 4 dorsal kineties with prominent bristles about $9-14{\mu}m$ long in vivo.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.219-227
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• 2007

Purpose: Many reconstruction procedures have been developed in order to resolve patient complaints after a total gastrectomy. However, until now, there has been no general agreement with regard to the ideal reconstruction to perform after a total gastrectomy. Moreover, there have been few reports of the long-term effects of different reconstruction procedures. In this study, we compared the long-term nutritional status and quality of life for patients that received either a Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy (R-Y), jejunal interposition (JI), jejunal pouch interposition (JPI), or double tract reconstruction (DT), to determine the optimum reconstruction procedure after a total gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 41 patients younger than 80 years who had undergone a total gastrectomy with curative resection and who had no evidence of recurrence at our hospital between August 2000 and January 2004. The patients were classified into the following four groups, according to the type of reconstruction; simple Roux-en-Y (R-Y group, n=15), jejunal interposition (JI; group, n=8), j Jejunal pouch interposition (JPI group, n=8), double tract interposition (DT group, n=10). The nutritional status was assessed by measuring body weight, serum albumin level, serum hemoglobin level, and the level of serum total protein, and the PNI (Prognostic nutritional index). Quality of life was assessed by GSRS. In addition, endoscopy was performed to confirm the presence of reflux esophagitis. Results: The laboratory findings showed no significant differences between the four groups except for a lower total protein and album level in the DT group after 3 years postoperatively (P=0.006, P=0.033). The percentage of body weight at 1 year, and 3 years postoperatively in the JI group (P=0.013, P=0.011) were significantly less than other groups (P=0.011, P=0.000). The frequency of postoperative symptoms and reflux esophagitis and eating capacity showed no significant differences between the four groups. The GSRS score in the JIP group was significantly better than for the other groups at 1 year, and 3 years postoperatively (P=0.028, P=0.003). Conclusion: We believe that the jejunal pouch interposition is the most useful of the four procedures for improving postoperative quality of life.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.347-352
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• 1995

The efficacy of closantel against naturally-acquired and experimentally-induced F hepatica and param-phistomes were administered once orally with closantel at the level of 5mg/kg body weight. In a double-checked fecal examination, cows treated with closantel did not contain F hepatica eggs in their feces at second week post-treatment(PT). At the third and fourth weeks PT, however, Fasciola eggs were found in the feces of 3 treated cows, resulting in a 97.7% efficacy. Of the 41 treated cattle, 30 were at various stages of gestation. No side effects were observed in any of the treated cows and congenital defects among calves born from the treated cows were not reported. Closantel was not effective against paramphistomes. In a separate experiment, 16 Holstein caves were experimentally infected with 300 F hepatica metacercariae each. F hepatica eggs were found in the feces of all infected calves by 14 weeks post-infection(PI). Calves were then treated at 18 weeks PI once orally with 5mg/kg body weight closantel. None of the treated calves contained F hepatica eggs in their feces at 2nd, 3rd or 4th week PT. Our results indicate that oral administration of closantel at the level of 5mg/kg body weight eliminated all mature F hepatica in the liver, while some of immature flukes survived to become adult and produce eggs.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 1998

The present study was performed to observe characteristics of the lifE history of Echinoparvphium recunpatum under both natural and laboratory conditions in Korea. A batch of Rcnix aunculnria corecna was collected from Sunamchon, one of the stream of West Naktonggang (River), in Kangso-gu, Pusan during August and September 1992. Out of 106 snails examined by crushing,52 (49.0%) were infected with larval E. recurvaum i.e. rediae, cercariae and metacercariae. Cercariae naturally shed from snails encysted in the snails of same species and loaches, but not in mud-snails. Adult worms were detected from chicks and ducks experimentally infected with metacercariae, but not from rats and mice. The average recovery rate of adults from chicks was 13.1%. Rediae were sac-like, $2.437{\;}{\times}{\;}0.317{\;}mm$ in average size, with a muscular pharynx and a brownish cecum which reached the anterior half of the body. Cercariae consisted of a spindle-shaped body ($0.262{\;}{\times}{\;}0.129{\;}mm$ in average) and a rod-like tail ($0.528{\;}{\times}{\;}0.056{\;}mm$ in average). In the cercarial body, 45 collar spines were observed on the head crown, and double rows of excretory ducts with fine granules were laterally arranged between the pharynnx and the ventral sucker. Metacercariae were spherical, $0.144{\;}{\times}{\;}0.142{\;}mm in average size, with thick hyaline outer and thin elastic inner walls, and many excretory granules. Adults were slender and more attenuated in the anterior end, $0.2760{\;}{\times}{\;}0.550{\;}mm$ in average size, and had 45 collar spines including four end group spines on both ventral corners. From the above results, it was confirmed that R. auriculnna corennc plays a pivotal role in the life cycle of 5. recuwatum as the first and/or second intermediate hosts in Korea.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 2010

In this paper, we evaluated the performance of 3D CRT, IMRT and three kind of RA plannings to investigate the clinical effect of RA with liver cancer case. The patient undergoing liver cancer of small volume and somewhat constant motion were selected. We performed 3D CRT, IMRT and RA plannings such as 2RA, limited triple arcs (3RA) and 3MRA with Eclipse version 8.6.15. The same dose volume objectives were defined for only CTV, PTV and body except heart, liver and partial body in IMRT and RA plannings. The steepness of dose gradient around tumor was determined by the Normal Tissue Objective function with the same parameters in place of respective definitions of dose volume objectives for the normal organs. The approach between the defined dose constraints and the practical DVH of CTV, PTV and Body was the best in 3MRA and the worst in IMRT. The DVHs were almost the same among RAs. Plans were evaluated using Conformity Index (CI), Homogeneity Index (HI) and Quality of coverage (QoC) by RTOG after prescription with dose level surrounding 98% of PTV in the respective plans. As a result, 3MRA planning showed the better favorable indices than that of the others and achieved the lowest MUs. In this study, RA planning is a technique that is possible to obtain the faster and better dose distribution than 3D CRT or IMRT techniques. Our result suggest that 3MRA planning is able to reduce the MUs further, keeping a similar or better targer dose homogeneity, conformity and sparing normal tissue than 2RA or 3RA.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2015

This study was conduct to investigate the effect of intermediate culture types on the growth and survival rate of the juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai fed seaweed and artificial diet. Intermediate cultures were to determine there that was to fed seaweed (SW) of artificial diet (A) of floor culture (FC), net floor culture (NFC), double shelter culture (DSC) and indoor net cage culture (INCC) in land-based tank, in two replicate. In the growth performance of juvenile abalone reared through intermediate culture to fed SW of A, that the absolute growth rate ($AGR_{SL}$, $AGR_{SB}$), daily growth rate ($DGR_{SL}$, $DGR_{SB}$), and specific growth rate ($SGR_{SL}$, $SGR_{SB}$) to the shell length (SL) and shell breadth (SB) of experimental groups were not significant. As weight gain (WG), daily weight gain (DWG) and specific weight gain (SWG) to body weight through intermediate culture types in land-based tank was not significant. However, as to survival rate to experimental groups, A-FC was higher than those of different groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, these results is showed that was not difference to growth of juvenile abalone over 2 cm fed seaweed diet and artificial diet according to intermediate culture types. But floor culture with artificial diet indicate that was highest to survival rate, therefore, it is beneficial for higher productivity in floor culture with artificial diet among intermediate culture types.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• no.123
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• pp.137-185
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• 2018

This article aims to deconstruct the mechanism of male domination that constantly reproduces the hegemonic class of men. In order to overcome misogyny, we should no longer deny the ontological dimension of the reality of women's oppressions and the pre-eminence of the material condition of women's existence. In addition, the possibility of the category of women as a modality of resistance should be taken into consideration. First, I will highlight the correlation between penis and phallus according to which the phallus refers to the penis which is malleable and fragile and which disappears without being castrated by the external factor. From here we could deduce the fragility and imperfection, the non-absoluteness of the phallic order. Secondly, I will analyze the mechanism of penis-narcissism, which is the modality of the constitution of the individual identity of man. The penis is not only a physiological organ, but a site of self-estimation and the validity of the succession of power and authority of the father's law. With this penis-narcissism, man is constituted as a hegemonic body that can let itself go without worrying about the reactions of others. Thirdly, I will focus on the mechanism of the penis-cartel which is the modality of the formation of the collective identity. The penis-cartel is reinforced by the mutual affirmation of the superiority of men among themselves, but also by the permission and the tacit agreement of their absurdity and lack of rationality and corruption. Because the privilege of men is not monopolized by a small part of the elite, but is consciously and unconsciously shared by all men who are part of the hegemonic and collective category. In order to deconstruct the penis-narcissism and the penis-cartel, it is necessary to demonstrate that the penis is not a self-sufficient body, nor a closed and impermeable body, but that it is a porous body where the organ serves both ejaculation and urinary ejection. The penis is a porous body that is at once the site of sublimity and degradation, purity and impurity. In addition, the penis is no longer an all-powerful and aggressive organ, but it is a malleable and fluid flesh that constantly changes its shape. Linked to a phallus-organ that is the notion of Jacques-Alain Miller, it is a site of deficiency and vulnerability that is not the axis of the penis-cartel. It is through the notion of the double porosity of the penis and the phenomenology of the flesh of the penis, I try to provide the modality of undoing the reproductive mechanism of predatory masculinity. Because this would be an effective strategy to overcome misogyny.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.34
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• pp.51-60
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• 2022

Objectives: The purpose is to evaluate dosimetric performance and delivery efficiency of VMAT with Halcyon LINAC for double target spine SBRT Materials and Methods: 12 patients with spine oligometastases were retrospectively studied. Single-isocenter spine SBRT plans was established using Halcyon® with Dual Layer MLC and Truebeam® with High Definition MLC. All patients' plans were created in Eclipse TPS through the identical conditions and optimization. C.I, H.I, G.I (Gradient Index), maximal and volumetric doses to spinal cord and low dose area were evaluated for comparison of both plans. Also, total MU and BOT(Beam On Time) were evaluated. Results: Halcyon plans was no Statistical differences in C.I and H.I. However, the average of G.I was 4.64 for Halcyon, which decreased to 5.5% compared to Truebeam (P<0.001). Halcyon plans demonstrated statistically significant reduced G.I. The average of 50% and 25% isodose volume was 487.56 cc (-3.82%, P<0.001), 1859.45 cc (-4.75%, P<0.001) in Halcyon, respectively. Significantly reduced low dose spill were observed in Halcyon plans. In the evaluation of the spinal cord, the average of Dmean and V10 of Halcyon plans in the sample group with an overlap volume of less than 1 cc was 6.802 Gy (-3.504%, P=0.067), 5.766±1.683 cc (-8.199%, P=0.002), respectively. Halcyon plans demonstrated statistically significant reduced D_mean and V10. For delivery efficiency, MU and BOT(maximum dose rate for each machine), on average, increased in Halcyon plans. However, the average of BOT(800MU/min for each machine) was 648.33 sec for Halcyon (-1.74%, P<0.001). Conclusion: Halcyon plan for double-target spine SBRT demonstrated advantages in the low dose area with a steep dose gradient, while having dosimetrically equivalent target dose distribution and spinal cord protective effect. As a result, Halcyon LINAC produced a dosimetrically improved plan for double-target spine SBRT.