• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.116-126
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• 2021

Ground Component Command (GCC) has been developing operational planning and execution systems to implement "Decisive Integrated Operations", which is the concept of ground operations execution, and achieved remarkable results. In particular, "Simultaneous Offense-Defense Integrated Operations" is developed mainly to neutralize enemies in deep areas and develop favorable conditions for the allies early by simultaneously attacking and defending from the beginning of the war. On the other hand, it is limited to providing scientific and reasonable support for the commander's decision-making process because analyzing the effects of the deep operation with existing M&S systems is impossible. This study developed a model for analyzing the effects of deep operations that can be used in the KJCCS. Previous research was conducted on the effects of surveillance, physical strike, and non-physical strike, which are components of deep operations to find the characteristics and limitations and suggest a research direction. A methodology for analyzing the effects of deep operations reflecting the interactions of components using data was then developed by the GCC, and input data for each field was calculated through combat experiments and a literature review. Finally, the Deep operations Effect CAlculating Model(DECAM) was developed and distributed to the GCC and Corps battle staff during the ROK-US Combined Exercise. Through this study, the effectiveness of the methodology and the developed model were confirmed and contribute to the development of the GCC and Corps' abilities to perform deep operations.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.388-394
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• 2020

This study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the status of animal welfare, environmental level, and sow behavior, by including two farmhouses with sow group housing but having different floor types, viz., litter floor and slat floor. Animal welfare level was evaluated for body and vulval wounds of sows. The environmental level was measured for a total of 4 months, assessing the concentrations of H2S, NH3 and CO2 inside the pig house, once a month. Results of this study indicate that the level of animal welfare, with respect to body and vulval wounds, was better in the concrete slat floor farmhouse (H) than in the litter floor farmhouse (K). Environmental levels obtained (in ppm) were: H2S (H, 1.0; K, 0.0), NH3 (H, 45.4; K, 1.3), and CO2 (H, 1102.3; K, 258.8), indicating higher levels in the H than in K farmhouse. Aggressive behavior was mainly encountered in the H farmhouse. These results indicate that the same group housing system, but with different flooring, results in changes pertaining to aggressive behavior and environmental levels. It is therefore necessary to study the behavior changes, welfare, and environmental levels while deliberating different floor types.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.60
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• pp.155-173
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• 2019

This study touches upon the challenges of globalization, in which terrorism is one of the most brutal forms of criminal violence targeting innocent people. No country is immune from terrorist attacks, and no person is immune from becoming a victim. Interest in this topic is increasing as terrorism, in all its forms and manifestations, in its scale and intensity, and in its inhumanity and cruelty, is now becoming one of the most acute and pressing problems of global importance. Legal regulations passed in Mongolia in 2004 have established a structure to prevent and detect terrorist threats. However, the country's anti-terrorism policy should be improved with respect to its global counter-terrorism strategy. Because Mongolia is a comparatively safe country in the region, the people do not consider terrorism to be a real threat. This study aims to suggest methods to quickly raise awareness and create a security culture to improve Mongolia's long-term terrorism prevention policy. In particular, the authors review Mongolia's anti-terrorism policy, focusing on legal regulations, and suggest education methods to raise terrorism awareness for the public as a primary preventive measure. The study also presents a comparative analysis and a summary conclusion by examining international legal acts, conventions on new manifestations of terrorism, the foundations of laws and regulations of Mongolia, and related research on terrorism.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.437-447
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• 2023

By actively adopting technologies from the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the port industry is trending toward new types of ports, such as automated and smart ports. However, behind the development of these ports, there is an increasing risk of cyber security incidents and threats within ports and container terminals, including information leakage through cargo handling equipment and ransomware attacks leading to disruptions in terminal operations. Despite the necessity of research to enhance cyber security within ports, there is a lack of such studies in the domestic context. This study focuses on Busan Port, a representative port in South Korea that actively incorporates technology from the Fourth Industrial Revolution, in order to discover variables for improving cyber security in container terminals. The research results categorized factors for enhancing cyber security in Busan Port's container terminals into network construction and policy support, standardization of education and personnel training, and legal and regulatory factors. Subsequently, multiple regression analysis was conducted based on these factors, leading to the identification of detailed factors for securing and enhancing safety, reliability, performance, and satisfaction in Busan Port's container terminals. The significance of this study lies in providing direction for enhancing cyber security in Busan Port's container terminals and addressing the increasing incidents of cyber security attacks within ports and container terminals.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.7 s.349
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• pp.24-31
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• 2006

Traditional security mechanisms do not work well in the sensor network area due to the sensor's resource constraints. Therefore security issues are challenging problems on realization of the sensor network. Among them, the key establishment is one of the most important and challenging security primitives which establish initial associations between two nodes for secure communications. Recently, R. Anderson et al. proposed one of the promising key establishment schemes for commodity sensor network called Key Infection. However, key infection has an intrinsic vulnerability that there are some areas where adversaries can eavesdrop on the transferred key information at initial key establishment time. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a security-enhanced key establishment scheme for key infection by suggesting a mechanism which effectively reduces the vulnerable areas. The proposed security mechanism uses other neighbor nodes' additional key information to establish pair-wise key at the initial key establishment time. By using the additional key information, we can establish security-enhanced key establishment, since the vulnerable area is decreased than the key infection's. We also evaluate our scheme by comparing it with key infection using logical and mathematical analysis.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.93-101
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• 2016

As the Android smart phones become more popular, applications that handle users' personal data such as IDs or passwords and those that handle data directly related to companies' income such as in-game items are also increasing. Despite the need for such information to be protected, it can be modified by malicious users or leaked by attackers on the Android. The reason that this happens is because debugging functions of the Linux, base of the Android, are abused. If an application uses debugging functions, it can access the virtual memory of other applications. To prevent such abuse, access controls should be reinforced. However, these functions have been incorporated into Android O.S from its Linux base in unmodified form. In this paper, based on an analysis of both existing memory access functions and the Android environment, we proposes a function that verifies thread group ID and then protects against illegal use to reinforce access control. We conducted experiments to verify that the proposed method effectively reinforces access control. To do that, we made a simple application and modified data of the experimental application by using well-established memory editing applications. Under the existing Android environment, the memory editor applications could modify our application's data, but, after incorporating our changes on the same Android Operating System, it could not.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.38
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• pp.89-113
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• 2015

This paper explores the work of mourning of 9/11 in the United States, focusing on the project of building the National September 11 Memorial managed by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation(LMDC) and the War on Terror declared by the George W. Bush administration in the wake of 9/11. This paper first looks at the project of building the Natioanl September 11 Memorial and considers what was at stake in achieving this project. It also examines the limitations of the project. This paper argues that, in spite of the efforts to mourn the victims in significant and meaningful ways, the work of mourning in the memorial project fails at least in two respects. First, the memorial project "began so soon" right after 9/11 that the victims' families were not given enough time to mourn their loved ones. Second, the project were permeated with American nationalism and patriotism, which made the 316 non-American victims of 9/11 invisible and forgotten. Then, it goes on to examine the War on Terror because the War on Terror epitomized the failure of mourning due to these causes. In his address to the nation delivered on the very day of 9/11, President George W. Bush stated that "America was targeted for the attack because we're the brightest beacon for freedom and opportunity in the world" and that the terrorists failed to threaten America into chaos. He also stated that America is in "the war against terrorism." These statements were a futile reassertion of the illusion of American invulnerability and a prohibition of mourning in favor of violent military responses to 9/11. American nationalism also underlies Bush's official naming of September 11 as "Patriot Day." The victims were sacrificed because they were at the site when terrorists attacked, which implies that their death had nothing to do with American patriotism. Naming September 11 as Patriot Day was an act of imbuing the absurdity of the victims' death with a false meaning and an act of forgetting the non-American victims. The failure of the work of mourning of 9/11 consisted in the inability to recognize human vulnerability and interdependence and the inability to mourn not only American victims but also non-American victims killed in 9/11 and the War on Terror. A meaningful and significant mourning could be possible when we realizes that all human beings are exposed to one another and their lives are interdependent on one another. September Eleventh Families for Peaceful Tomorrows well demonstrated this kind of mourning. When most Americans supported violent retaliations, Peaceful Tomorrows made pleas for nonviolent responses to 9/11. Turning their grief into action for peace, its members work "to create a safer and more peaceful world for everyone," not only for Americans. Their effort to mourn in meaningful and nonviolent ways delivers the message that a disaster like 9/11 should not happen anywhere.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.827-846
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• 2023

Recently, various information technologies such as network communication and sensors have begun to be integrated into weapon systems that were previously operated in stand-alone. This helps the operators of the weapon system to make quick and accurate decisions, thereby allowing for effective operation of the weapon system. However, as the involvement of the cyber domain in weapon systems increases, it is expected that the potential for damage from cyber attacks will also increase. To develop a secure weapon system, it is necessary to implement built-in security, which helps considering security from the requirement stage of the software development process. The U.S. Department of Defense is implementing the Risk Management Framework Assessment and Authorization (RMF A&A) process, along with the introduction of the concept of cybersecurity, for the evaluation and acquisition of weapon systems. Similarly, South Korea is also continuously making efforts to implement the Korea Risk Management Framework (K-RMF). However, so far, there are no cases where K-RMF has been applied from the development stage, and most of the data and documents related to the U.S. RMF A&A are not disclosed for confidentiality reasons. In this study, we propose the method for inferring the composition of the K-RMF based on systematic threat analysis method and the publicly released documents and data related to RMF. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our inferring method by applying it to the naval battleship system.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.57-65
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• 2007

In many sensor network applications, sensor nodes are deployed in open environments, and hence are vulnerable to physical attacks, potentially compromising the node's cryptographic keys. False sensing report can be injected through compromised nodes, which can lead to not only false alarms but also the depletion of limited energy resource in battery powered networks. Fan Ye et al. proposed that statistical en-route filtering scheme(SEF) can do verify the false report during the forwarding process. In this scheme, the choice of a partition value represents a trade off between resilience and energy where the partition value is the total number of partitions which global key pool is divided. If every partition are compromised by an adversary, SEF disables the filtering capability. Also, when an adversary has compromised a very small portion of keys in every partition, the remaining uncompromised keys which take a large portion of the total cannot be used to filter false reports. We propose a fuzzy-based adaptive partitioning method in which a global key pool is adaptively divided into multiple partitions by a fuzzy rule-based system. The fuzzy logic determines a partition value by considering the number of compromised partitions, the energy and density of all nodes. The fuzzy based partition value can conserve energy, while it provides sufficient resilience.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.21-33
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• 2012

This study examined the differences of academic achievement by social status types through sociometry. This study analyzed 201 students in grade 6 in S elementary school. The social status is classified by 7 (popular, average, rejected, aggressive-rejected, submissive-rejected, neglected, controversial) with academic achievement of each type as dependent variables to figure out the relation between social status types and academic achievement. To classify 5 social status types, a sociometry program developed by Ahn, Ie-Hwan (2007) was used, 2 social status types was classified with experimental condition, and its dependent variable was the score by subjects in the mid-term exam of the 1st semester in 2011. The average values of humanities courses (Korean and social studies) and natural science courses (math and science) were compared by both sexes and 7 social status types. The reference group was average group. As a result, as to male students, N type had the highest score both in humanities courses and natural science courses while C type had the lowest score in both groups. As to female students, P, N, C types had the highest score in both groups with similar range while R type had the lowest score in both groups. This result demonstrates that the academic achievement of students had relatively high relevance with social status. and also, suggestion that how teachers can do to enhance the academic achievement of elementary school students.