• 응용통계연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.59-73
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• 2009

A floating-strike lookback call option gives the holder the right to buy at the lowest price of the underlying asset. Similarly, a floating-strike lookback put option gives the holder the right to sell at the highest price. This paper will propose an outside floating-strike lookback call (or put) option that gives the holder the right to buy (or sell) one underlying asset at some percentage of the lowest (or highest) price of the other underlying asset. In addition, this paper will derive explicit pricing formulas for these outside floating-strike lookback options. Sections 3 and 4 assume that the underlying assets pay no dividends. In contrast, Section 5 will derive explicit pricing formulas for these options when their underlying assets pay dividends continuously at a rate proportional to their prices. Some numerical examples will be discussed.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.485-495
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• 2008

A floating-strike lookback call option gives the holder the right to buy at the lowest price of the underlying asset. Similarly, a floating-strike lookback put option gives the holder the right to sell at the highest price. This paper will present explicit pricing formulas for these floating-strike lookback options with flexible monitoring periods. The monitoring periods of these options start at an arbitrary date and end at another arbitrary date before maturity. Sections 3 and 4 assume that the underlying assets pay no dividends. In contrast, Section 5 will derive explicit pricing formulas for these options when their underlying asset pays dividends continuously at a rate proportional to its price.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.819-835
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• 2012

A floating-strike lookback call (or put) option gives the holder the right to buy (or sell) at some percentage of the lowest (or highest) price of the underlying asset. This paper will propose an outside lookback call (or put) option that gives the holder the right to buy (or sell) one underlying asset at its guaranteed floating-strike price that is some percentage times the smaller (or the greater) of a specific guaranteed amount and the lowest (or highest) price of the other underlying asset. In addition, this paper derives explicit pricing formulas for these outside lookback options. Section 3 and Section 4 assume that the underlying assets pay no dividends. In contrast, Section 5 derives explicit pricing formulas for these options when their underlying assets pay dividends continuously at a rate proportional to their prices. Some numerical examples are also discussed.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권12호
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• pp.783-793
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• 2020

This research investigates the explanatory factors governing the dividend payout to shareholders of blue-chip companies listed on Bursa Malaysia. In spite of continuous attention offered by empirical research on dividend payout of publicly-listed companies, paradoxically only few studies exclusively examined the explanatory factors from the perspective of blue-chip companies. Recognizing the capability of blue-chip companies to serve as a stalwart indicator of stock market condition as well as a consistent income source to shareholders, more research should be carried out for better inference on the companies' dividend payout decision. This research is using 522 observations from a sample of 18 Malaysian blue-chip companies over a 29-year period (1990 to 2019) and utilizes a panel data regression analysis for the estimation of the impact of eight factors, namely, systematic risk, leverage, free cash flow, lagged dividends, market-to-book value, profit growth, total asset turnover, and company size. Measuring dividend payout using two specifications (dividend/earnings and dividend/total assets), this research reveals that systematic risk and free cash flow have a significant and negative impact on dividend payout. Meanwhile, past year dividends, market-to-book value, profit growth, total asset turnover and company size have a significant and positive impact on dividend payout.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.87-99
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• 2020

The study aims to investigate factors that determine dividend payout policy using 336 non-financial firm year observations covering the period 2005 to 2016 in Malaysia. We found a significant positive relationship between corporate board size, board members average age, board tenure and dividend payout policy. We also found a strong negative effect and statistically insignificant relationship of board diversity, board independence, CEO duality and dividend payout policy. Additional, financial leverage has a negative effect on dividend payout policy. It is also noticed that firms with diverse boards are more likely to pay dividends and tend to pay larger dividends than those with non-diverse boards. Our results suggest that board diversity has a significant impact on dividend payout policy. Impact of board diversity on dividend payout policy is particularly conspicuous for firms with potentially greater agency problems. Our findings are consistent with the argument that corporate board traits enhancement positively affect the dividend payout policy which is beneficial for shareholders. This study offers useful insights into the current global debate on board traits and its implications for firms. The dividend payout policy signals good news to investors. Corporate board traits and firm's financial decision are the factors that disrupt the dividend decision.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2020

We provide one of the first investigation on the impact of the degree of total leverage to the dividend policy of bank. We use a large sample of US bank holding companies from 2000:Q1 to 2017:Q4 to shed light our research question. Our empirical analysis provides consistent evidence that banks with high degree of total leverage (i.e. banks with a relatively high fixed-to-variables costs) are less likely to pay dividends, and they spend a lower fraction of incomes to pay back shareholders, suggesting a higher conservatism in dividend policy of banks subject to high degree of total leverage. The evidence remains unchanged with alternative econometric approaches, alternative measures of dividend policy and degree of total leverage. We further document that this higher conservatism is strengthened for a sample of banks with low franchise value during the financial crises. Our result suggests that the conservatism in dividend policy of banks with high degree of total leverage seems to be related to the precautionary motives aimed at preserving corporate resources under financial distress. Our study contributes to the literature of cost structure and dividend policy by pointing out that the impacts of the degree of fixed-to-variable expenses to dividend policy are extended to the case of banks.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권10호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of growth opportunities on capital structure and dividend policy in Indonesia. The study employs panel data of companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange that distribute dividends from 2007 to 2017. Fixed and random effect regression models are used. Findings based on growth opportunities on capital structure and dividend policy in Indonesia are in line with the existing theory (i.e., contracting theory). Growth opportunities have a significant negative correlation with debt ratio and dividend yield, which suggests that firms with high growth opportunities are discouraged to generate debt to resolve underinvestment and asset-substitution problem. Firms with more investment opportunities tend to adopt a low dividend payout policy because the cash flows will be used up for investment. The positive impact of firm size on leverage is due to the low bankruptcy risk and cost of a large company. Profitability has a positive impact on the dividend policy because profitable companies can reserve larger free cash flows and, thus, pay higher dividends. The positive influence of ownership on leverage is interpreted by the unwillingness of majority stockholders to commit to equity financing in order to avoid reducing the ownership and preserve control of the company.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.893-902
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• 2021

The paper examines the impact of corporate governance (CG), on dividend policy (DP) of enterprises in Vietnam. The paper studies the impact of CG on DP of businesses listed on Vietnam's stock exchange in the period 2008-2018 with 2,937 observations. The data of these companies is collected from the financial statements of businesses and Vietstock data sets, as well as aggregated from the data published on some reputable securities websites. The study used GLS regression method for data collected at listed companies in Vietnam in the period of 2008-2018. The research results have found that CG, the chairman of the board of directors (BOD), and the managing director have a negative effect on the DP. Specifically, companies with strong BODs tend to pay low dividends. At the same time, research shows that factors such as profitability, financial leverage, firm size, and investment opportunities affect DP. This result underscores the importance of corporate governance (both internal and external) to the income distribution decision and provides policy implications for investors and company executives. The study finds solid evidence that alternative theory explains better the relationship between corporate governance and dividend policy. Accordingly, companies with weak corporate governance will pay more dividends.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2014

외국인 투자의 증가가 국내기업의 배당에 미치는 영향에 대하여 선행연구에서 상이한 결과들을 제시하고 있는데 이는 실증분석의 방법에서 배당을 측정하는 변수로 상이한 변수들이 사용되었으며, 분석 방법론 측면에서 외국인투자와 배당수준 간의 인과관계의 방향을 통제하지 않았다는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 기존문헌들이 가지는 한계점을 최대한 보완하여 코스닥시장 신규상장기업을 대상으로 하여 외국인 투자와 배당수준간의 인과관계의 방향성 문제를 극복하고 배당수익률을 종속변수로 하여 분석함으로써 앞에서 제기한 우려에 대한 답을 제시하고자 하였다. 먼저 전체표본을 사용하는 경우, 배당수익률은 외국인투자와 유의한 관계를 보이지 않았으며 이와 같은 결과는 기존 문헌의 연구결과와 유사한 것이다. 그리고 외국인투자가 발생하기 이전에 배당금을 지급했던 표본기업을 대상으로 한 패널분석에서도 외국인 투자가 배당수익률에 유의하게 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 외국인 투자자들이 배당을 지급하는 기업에 대한 선호현상으로 인하여 외국인투자는 배당수준에 영향을 미치지 않았음을 보여주는 결과이다. 그러나 외국인 투자가 발생하기 이전에 배당을 지급했던 기업을 제외한 표본에 대한 패널분석결과에 의하면 외국인투자는 배당수준 변수 즉 배당수익률이 유의하게 정의 관계에 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 배당을 지급하는 기업에 대한 외국인 투자자의 선호현상을 통제하는 경우, 외국인 투자자들이 국내 코스닥기업에 배당수준에 대하여 유의한 영향을 미친다는 결과를 보여주는 것이다. 특히 기존의 연구에서 유의하게 나타나지 않았던 배당수익률이 외국인의 배당지급 기업에 대한 선호현상을 통제하였을 때 유의하게 나타난 본 연구의 결과는 상당히 의미가 있는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이는 외국인지분이 증가 할수록 전체이익 중 배당액이 차지하는 비중이 증가하고 시기총액대비 현금배당이 증가함을 의미함으로 외국인투자자가 단기적 이익에 집착하여 고배당을 유도한다는 주장이 성립하는 것으로 볼 수 있다.

• 재무관리연구
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.135-161
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• 2007

본 연구는 1997년 1월 1일부터 2006년 12월 31일까지 한국증권선물거래소의 유가증권시장과 코스닥시장에 상장된 IPO 기업을 대상으로 배당개시결정의 3가지 측면, 즉, 배당개시 여부, 배당수준 및 배당개시시점의 결정요인을 실증분석 하였으며, 주요한 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 주요 배당이론, 즉, 잔여배당이론, 배당신호이론, 대리인이론, 케이터링이론, 거래비용이론 등에서 제시된 배당결정요인들은 IPO 기업의 배당개시결정에도 유의한 영향을 미친다. 성장기회 변수인 M/B 비율과 R&D지출 비율이 낮을수록, 수익성 변수인 EBITDA 비율이 높을수록, 거래량회전율이 낮을수록, 그리고 배당프리미엄이 높을수록 배당개시확률은 높아진다. 둘째, 주요 배당이론에서 제시된 배당결정요인 중에서 성장기회 변수와 수익성 변수는 IPO 기업의 배당수준결정에도 유의한 영향을 미친다. 즉, 성장기회 변수인 R&D지출 비율이 낮을수록, 그리고 수익성 변수인 EBITDA 비율이 높을수록 배당수준이 증가한다. 셋째, 배당개시확률을 증가시키는 요인들은 배당개시시점을 단축시키는 요인으로 작용한다. 즉, 성장기회 변수인 R&D지출이 낮을수록, 수익성 변수인 EBITDA 비율이 높을수록, 그리고 거래량 회전율이 낮을수록, 배당개시확률은 증가하고 배당개시시점은 단축된다. 특히, 수익성 변수인 EBITDA 비율 및 거래량회전율은 배당개시시점과 배당지급/연기 결정에 모두 유의한 영향을 미친다. 즉, EBITDA 비율이 높을수록 배당개시시점이 단축되고, 거래량회전율이 높을수록 배당개시시점이 연기된다. 또한 배당개시기업의 대부분은 IPO 후 2년 이내에 배당개시 여부를 결정한다. 따라서 기업이 IPO 후 2년 이내에 배당개시를 하지 않으면 그 이후에는 배당개시를 하지 않을 가능성이 많다.