• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.480-488
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• 2016

Soil microbes are widely well known to play an important role for sustainable agriculture in terms of crop healthy cultivation and environmental conservation. In this context, the distributional characteristics of soil microbes according to cropping systems were investigated under rice (R)-rice (R), rice (R)-barley (B)-rice (R), and soybean (S)-barley (B)-soybean (S) cropping condition to get basic informations for sustainable agriculture, where barley was grown for winter, in mid-mountainous loam paddy located at the altitude of 285 m above sea level in Sangju area from 2014 to 2015. Estimating from microbial communities by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) method, a total biomass of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi in R-B-R plot was 37% and 40% higher than that in S-B-S and R-R plots, respectively (p < 0.05). In especial, bacteria and fungi were more in R-B-R plot than those in any other ones. B. japonicum, AMF, and mesophilic Bacillus sp. were also greater in S-B-S plot than those. In the community distribution, however, bacteria and actinomycetes showed comparatively high values in S-B-S plot relative to either R-R or R-B-R plot including rice, in which fungi outstanding. In the correlation between microbial biomass and soil properties changed by the cropping, bacteria was positively correlated with C:N ratio; actinomycetes with exchangeable Ca; fungi with available $P_2O_5$ (p < 0.05). While these microbes showed negative response to water stable aggregates of soil.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.392-402
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• 2009

Objectives : The aims of this paper were to develop the composite deprivation index (CDI) for the sub-district (Eup-Myen-Dong) levels based on the theory of social exclusion and to explore the relationship between the CDI and the standardized mortality ratio (SMR). Methods : The paper calculated the age adjusted SMR and we included five dimensions of social exclusion for CDI; unemployment, poverty, housing, labor and social network. The proxy variables of the five dimensions were the proportion of unemployed males, the percent of recipients receiving National Basic Livelihood Security Act benefits, the proportion of households under the minimum housing standard, the proportion of people with a low social class and the proportion of single-parent household. All the variables were standardized using geometric transformation and then we summed up them for a single index. The paper utilized the 2004-2006 National Death Registry data, the 2003-2006 national residents' registration data, the 2005 Population Census data and the 2005-2006 means-tested benefit recipients' data. Results : The figures were 115.6, 105.8 and 105.1 for the CDI of metropolitan areas (big cities), middle size cities and rural areas, respectively. The distributional variation of the CDI was the highest in metropolitan areas (8.9 - 353.7) and the lowest was in the rural areas (26.8 - 209.7). The extent and relative differences of deprivation increased with urbanization. Compared to the Townsend and Carstairs index, the CDI better represented the characteristics of rural deprivation. The correlation with the SMR was statistically significant and the direction of the CDI effects on the SMR was in accordance with that of the previous studies. Conclusions : The study findings indicated mortality inequalities due to the difference in the CDI. Despite the attempt to improve deprivation measures, further research is warranted for the consensus development of a deprivation index.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.278-288
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• 2018

Polyploidization plays an important role in generating the current high diversity of plants. Studies of the distributional patterns of diploid and derivative polyploid races have provided important insights into the evolutionary process and cryptic speciation by polyploidization within and between closely related taxa defined on the basis of their morphology. Allium thunbergii and A. sacculiferum, occurring throughout eastern Russia, eastern China, Korea, and Japan, are examples of closely related species with unsolved taxonomic relationships. A total of 97 and 65 individuals from 26 and 13 populations of A. thunbergii (including var. thunbergii, var. deltoids, and var. teretifolium) and A. sacculiferum, respectively, were studied to determine their ploidy. The geographic structure and habitat differentiation of the cytotypes were also analyzed. The main cytotype of A. thunbergii was diploid (92.3% in total; the rest were tetraploids). In contrast, the majority of A. sacculiferum plants were tetraploids (69.2% of the total; the rest were diploids). No populations of the studied taxa harbored both cytotypes. Allium thunbergii was more often found at higher elevations than A. sacculiferum, and it tended to occur more frequently on rocky slopes and below forests in mountainous areas. On the other hand, A. sacculiferum occurred at forest margins and in lowland pastures. The cytotypes differed with respect to the elevation; diploids were found more frequently at higher elevations than tetraploids. The results of this study and additional biosystematics data indicate that the morphological characteristics of A. thunbergii and A. sacculiferum may be influenced by polyploidization and by their adaptation to various habitat conditions and that A. thunbergii and A. sacculiferum do not clearly fulfill the requirements of any species concept. Consequently, we propose that A. sacculiferum be considered as an additional synonym of A. thunbergii. Additionally, Allium thunbergii var. deltoides is unified into A. thunbergii var. thunbergii.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2022

Bombyx shini Park & Sohn, 2002 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), which was listed as an endemic species in South Korea has recently been renamed as the East Asian silk moth Rotunda rotundapex Miyata & Kishida, 1990 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the R. rotundapex to announce genomic characteristics and to clarify its validity with a new name. The 15,294-bp long complete mitogenome comprises a typical set of genes [13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes] and one major noncoding, A + T-rich region, with an arrangement identical to that observed in most lepidopteran mitogenomes. The A/T content of the whole mitogenome was 79.22%; however, it varied among the regions/genes as follows: A + T-rich region, 91.62%; srRNA, 84.67%; lrRNA, 83.01%; tRNAs, 81.43%; and PCGs, 77.46%. Phylogenetic analyses of 35 species in the Bombycoidea superfamily showed the sister relationship between the families Sphingidae and Bombycidae s. str., with the higher nodal support [bootstrap support (BS) = 78%]. The Saturniidae was placed as the sister to the two families, but the nodal support for this relationship was low (BS = 53%). Current R. rotundapex was placed together with previously reported con-species with the highest nodal support, forming a separate clade from Bombyx, validating that B. shini can have a new genus name, Rotunda. However, the Korean R. rotundapex showed a substantial sequence divergence at 5.28% to that originated from an individual of type locality Taiwan in 1,459-bp of COI sequences. Considering such a high sequence divergence an additional study, which includes morphological and DNA barcoding data from further extensive distributional range maybe is needed for further robust taxonomic conclusion.

• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.159-176
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• 2023

The conservation of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in South Korea requires the protection and preservation of natural habitats while additionally ensuring coexistence with human activities. Applying habitat map modeling techniques provides information regarding the distributional patterns of raccoon dogs and assists in the development of future conservation strategies. The purpose of this study is to generate potential habitat distribution maps for the raccoon dog in South Korea using geospatial technology-based models. These models include the frequency ratio (FR) as a bivariate statistical approach, the group method of data handling (GMDH) as a machine learning algorithm, and convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) as deep learning algorithms. Moreover, the imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) is used to fine-tune the hyperparameters of the machine learning and deep learning models. Moreover, there are 14 habitat characteristics used for developing the models: elevation, slope, valley depth, topographic wetness index, terrain roughness index, slope height, surface area, slope length and steepness factor (LS factor), normalized difference vegetation index, normalized difference water index, distance to drainage, distance to roads, drainage density, and morphometric features. The accuracy of prediction is evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The results indicate comparable performances of all models. However, the CNN demonstrates superior capacity for prediction, achieving accuracies of 76.3% and 75.7% for the training and validation processes, respectively. The maps of potential habitat distribution are generated for five different levels of potentiality: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.99-114
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• 2023

Patanga japonica Bolívar, 1898 (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is listed as a climate-sensitive indicator species in South Korea and is called southern group of insects in that the main distributional range is southern region of South Korea and Asian continent. In South Korea, thus, the species was distributed mainly in southern region of South Korea including southward a remote Jeju Island, but recently the species has often been detected in mid to northern region of South Korea, implying northward range expansion in response to climate change. Understanding the characteristics of the changes in genetic diversity during range expansion in response to climate change could be a foundation for the understanding of future biodiversity. Thus, in this study, we attempted to understand the changing pattern of the genetic diversity of the P. japonica in newly expanded regions. For the purpose of study, we collected 125 individuals from seven localities throughout South Korea including two newly distributed regions (Pyeongtaek and Yeongwol at ~37° N). These were sequenced for a segment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and analyzed for genetic diversity, haplotype frequency, and population genetic structure among populations. Interestingly, northward range expansion accompanied only haplotypes, which are most abundant in the core populations, providing a significant reduction in haplotype diversity, compared to other populations. Moreover, genetic diversity was still lower in the expanded regions, but no genetic isolation was detected. These results suggest that further longer time would take to reach to the comparable genetic diversity of preexisting populations in the expanded regions. Probably, availability of qualified habitats at the newly expanded region could be pivotal for successful northward range expansion in response to climate change.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.353-368
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• 2016

본 연구는 2015년 4월부터 10월까지 전라북도 고창군 선운산도립공원 안의 선운천을 중점으로 저서성 대형무척추동물 및 어류의 다양성과 분포특성을 조사하였다. 조사결과 선운천에서 출현한 저서성 대형무척추동물은 총 4문 16목 50과 78종이 출현하였으며, 어류는 총 6과 25종이 확인되었다. 저서성 대형무척추동물 중에서는 유수지역에서 풍부하게 서식하는 하루살이목(Ephemeroptera)이 13종(22.81%)으로 가장 높은 다양성을 나타냈으며, 기능군에서는 걸러먹는무리(Gathering-collectors)가 30종(36.14%), 붙는무리(Clingers)가 23종(29.49%), 굴파는무리(Burrowers)가 17종(21.79%) 순으로 높게 나타났다. EPT (Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera) 비율과 ESB (Ecological score for the benthic macroinvertebrate community) 분석에서는 S8지점에서 각각 44.44%, 72점으로 가장 높게 측정되어 최우선 보호수역으로 평가되었으며, S4지점과 S9지점은 EPT 비율과 ESB 값이 낮게 측정되어 우선개선수역으로 분석되었다. 저서성 대형무척추동물보다 상위 포식자인 어류 군집특성으로는 계곡하천에 풍부하게 서식하는 갈겨니(Zacco teminchkii)가 333개체(36.80%)로 우점 하였으며, S8지점에서 우점도 지수는 낮게(0.24), 종다양도 지수는 높게(1.81) 분석되어 저서성 대형무척추동물의 군집과 같은 양상의 안정된 어류 군집을 유지하고 있었다. 본 조사에서 출현한 한반도 고유종은 수서곤충에서 2종인 가는무늬하루살이, 두눈강도래, 어류에서 4종인 각시붕어, 긴몰개, 돌마자, 참종개로 총 6종이 출현하였으며, 국외반출승인대상종은 쇠측범잠자리, 가는무늬하루살이, 두눈강도래로 수서곤충에서 3종이 조사되었다. 환경부 분포특이종으로 지정된 여러갈래하루살이의 대량서식처가 국내에서 처음으로 발견되어 국내전국 분포지도를 작성하였으며, 현재 우리나라 최북단 서식지가 제주도로 알려진 무태장어가 주진천 수계(S9)에서 처음으로 채집되어 무태장어의 서식처 및 분포양상을 고찰하였다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.469-488
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• 1996

한국은 아시아대륙의 북동쪽에 위치한 반도로서 삼면이 바다로 둘러싸인 독특한 주위지형을 이루고 있고, 산맥 등의 산악효과와, 반도의 속성인 바다-육지의 열용량 차이 및 종관규모의 대기운동의 영향 등을 받는다. 따라서, 반도의 대기흐름 양상은 지역차가 현저하므로 정확한 일기예보 및 일기예보 구역설정이 매우 어렵다. 그러나 각 지역의 일기대표성은 매월의 일기엔트로피와 情報此(information ratio) 개념을 기초로 하면 수리적, 지리적 요인 및 계절변화 등을 포함한 보다 恒常的인 모습으로 밝힐 수 있다. 이것은 각 지역이 갖는 일기엔트로피란 어느 기간중 매일 완전한 일기예측이 그 지역에 부여될 때의 일일 평균정보량이고 일기의 불확정성의 測度로서 일기일수의 치우친 비율을 나타내므로 결국 일기엔트로피 값의 대소는 일기출현의 특성을 잘 나태낸다. 그러므로 날씨 및 기후는 일기출현율과 그 월변화의 특성을 잘 반영하고 있다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 남부지방의 날씨 및 기후특성을 명확히 반영하고 잇는 탁월일기의 출현 다소와 월변화에 대해 정보이론을 이용하여 일기엔트로피와 情報此를 수량적으로 추출하고 그 공간스케일의 시간적 변동을 살펴 대표지점으로서 부산, 대구, 광주, 군산 지역의 일기대표성을 밝히고 그에 따라 남부지방의 일기예보구역을 설정한 것이다.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.173-182
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• 2007

북동태평양 클라리온-클리퍼톤 균열대 지역의 해저평원에는 여러 유용 금속을 함유한 망간단괴가 다량 분포하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 심해저카메라(DSC)를 이용하여 지형과 단괴 부존량과의 상관관계를 제시하는 연구 결과마다 단괴 생산 유망 지역의 단괴부존량과 지형과의 관계를 다르게 설명하고 있다. 또한, 수중에 위치하는 DSC 위치추정 방법론에 대한 정확한 근거가 명확하게 제시되지 않았다. 북동태평양 대한민국 심해연구(KODOS) 지역에서 현장탐사를 수행하여 지형에 따른 단괴 채광조건의 변화를 관찰하였다. 이 연구에서는 망간단괴 분포 경향 및 채광가능지역을 분석하고자 할 때, DSC를 이용한 근접 해저면 영상관찰 방법의 활용가능성을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 해저산이 없는 심해평원지역인 KODOS 지역의 남쪽구역($132^{\circ}10'W$, $9^{\circ}45'N$ 부근)에서 DSC 영상으로부터 단괴 부존량을 추출하고 다중빔음향측심기를 사용하여 해저면 수심 변화를 동시에 측정하였다. 또한, DSC 수중 위치추정의 정확성을 제고하고자, DSC 위치 계산 방식에 적절한 가정을 도입하였고, DSC 측선의 교차점에서 측정한 부존량을 이용하여 간접적으로 위치 추정의 정확도를 검증하였다. DSC 영상을 관찰하면 단괴 및 퇴적물뿐만 아니라 해저면의 함몰지역인 균열대를 다수 발견할 수 있다. 또한, DSC 영상을 통해 관찰된 해저 균열대의 발견시간 자료로 부터 채광 장애지역으로 예상되는 균열대의 위치 추정을 시도하였다. 분석 결과 채광장비가 주행할 수 없는 채광 장애지역은 해저사면과 해저구릉지역임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.429-439
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• 2005

본 연구는 한국에 있어서 동계한발의 지역적 출현빈도 분포특성과 한발시 해면기압장 및 500hPa면의 종관기후학적 특성을 평년과 비교 분석한 연구이다. 한국의 동계한발의 출현빈도 분포는 월별 지역적 강수변동률의 분포를 반영하여 1 12월은 강수변동률이 높은 한국의 동부가 높고 강수변동률이 낮은 서부가 낮아서 동고 서저유형, 2월은 북고 남저유형을 나타내고 있다. 해면기압 및 500hPa면 고도편차 분포에서 1, 2월의 한발시 한반도 주변 및 시베리아 고기압 지역은 양의 편차, 알류샨 저기압 지역 및 북태평양 서안은 음의 편차를 나타내므로 서고 동저형의 기압배치가 탁월하여 남동쪽으로부터 온난습윤한 공기의 유입이 차단될 때 한발이 출현한다. 따라서 이 때 한반도 주변은 동서풍의 풍속은 강하다. 12월의 한발 시에는 한반도를 포함한 동아시아의 중위도 전역이 양의 편차를 나타내어 남쪽으로부터 온난습윤한 공기의 유입이 적을 뿐만 아니라 저기압 통과의 빈도가 적음을 반영하고 있다.