• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 1984

The renewed interest in the use of hyperthermia in cancer therapy is bases on radiobiological and clinical evidence indicated that there may be a significant therapeutic advantage with the use of heat alone or combined with radiation or chemotherapy, There are many methods for generating heat for localized tumor as like radiofrequency, microwave, electromagnetic induction and ultrasound. But it is very difficult to be even thermal dose distribution and stable output of power and then the detection of temperature in tumor is difficult to be precise with thermocouples and semiconductor sensors. We designed the microwave heating generator, dipole antenna applicators and autometic temperature controlled thermocouples for localized hyperthermia on skin and in cavities. 1. The microwave generator with 120 W, 2,450MHz magnetron could be heating up to $40^{\circ}C\~50^{\circ}C\;for\;1\~2$ hours in living tissues. 2. The thermal dose distribution in tissue with microwave was described $42^{\circ}C\~44^{\circ}C$ with in 3 cm depth and $2\~6cm$ diameter area. 3. Skin surface heating applicator with spiral 3 times wave length antenna radiated high Power of microwave. 4, Intracavitary heating applicator with dipole antenna with autometic control temperature sensor kept up continuously constant temperature in tissue. 5. For constant thermal distribution, applied two steps power with 10W microwave after $17\~20W$ during first 10 minutes. 6. The cooling rate by blood flew in living tissue was rised as $10\%$ then meats.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.236-241
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• 2016

The common ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.) has some medicinal uses and recommended plant in closed-type plant factory. The objective of this study was to estimate the cardinal temperatures for seed germination of the common ice plant using bilinear, parabolic, and beta distribution models. Seeds of the common ice plant were germinated in the dark in a growth chamber at four constant temperatures: 16, 20, 24, and $28^{\circ}C$. For this, four replicates of 100 seeds were placed on two layers of filter paper in a 9-cm petri dish and radicle emergence of 0.1 mm was scored as germination. The times to 50% germination were 4.3, 2.5, 2.0, and 1.8 days at 16, 20, 24, and $28^{\circ}C$, respectively, indicating that the germination of this warm-weather crop increased with temperature. Next, the time course of germination was modeled using a logistic function. For the selection of an accurate model, seeds were germinated in the dark at constant temperatures of 6, 12, 32, and $36^{\circ}C$. Germination started earlier and increased rapidly at temperatures above $20^{\circ}C$. The minimum, optimal, and maximum temperatures were estimated by regression of the inverse of time to 50% germination rate, as a function of the temperature gradient. The different functions estimated differing minimum, optimal and maximum temperatures, with 5.7, 27.7, and $36.5^{\circ}C$, respectively for the bilinear function, 13.4, 25.0, and $36.6^{\circ}C$, respectively, for the parabolic function and 7.8, 25.9, and $36.0^{\circ}C$, respectively, for the beta distribution function. The models estimated that the inverse of time to 50% germination rate was 0 at 6 and $36^{\circ}C$. The observed final germination rates at 12 and $32^{\circ}C$ were 62 and 97%, respectively. Our data show that a beta distribution function provides a useful model for estimating the cardinal temperatures for germination of seed from the common ice plant.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.263-276
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• 2015

This paper deals with the influence of chemical oxygen demand to nitrogen ratio ((COD/N) ratio) on the performance of an membrane bioreactor. We aim at establishing relations between COD/N ratio, organisms' distribution and sludge properties (specific resistance to filtration (SRF) and membrane fouling). It is also essential to define new criteria to characterize the autotrophic microorganisms, as the measurements of apparent removal rates of ammonium seem irrelevant to characterize their specific activity. Two experiments (A and B) have been carried on a 30 L lab scale membrane bioreactor with low COD/N ratio (2.3 and 1.5). The obtained results clearly indicate the role of the COD/N ratio on the biomass distribution and performance of the membrane bioreactor. New specific criteria for characterising the autotrophic microorganisms activity, is also defined as the ratio of maximum ammonium rate to the specific oxygen uptake rate in the endogenous state for autotrophic bacteria which seem to be constant whatever the operating conditions are. They are about 24.5 to 23.8 $gN-NH_4{^+}/gO_2$, for run A and B, respectively. Moreover, the filterability of the biological suspension appear significantly lower, specific resistance to filtration and membrane fouling rate are less than $10^{14}m^{-2}$ and $0.07\;10^{12}m^{-1}.d^{-1}$ respectively, than in conventional MBR confirming the adv < antage of the membrane bioreactor functioning under low COD/N ratio.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 1998

Seasonal rhythmic changes in gentamicin pharmacokinetics was evaluated in 10 healthy male volunteers after single intravenous 80 mg administration of gentamicin at 9:00 a.m. during summer and winter. The mean terminal half-life and AUC of gentamicin were $3.56\pm0.14\;hr\;and\;25.03\pm2.84\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$ in winter and $3.08\pm0.41\;hr\;and\;21.84\pm2.51\;{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$ in summer. The mean total body clearance $(CL_t)$ and elimination rate constant $(k_{10})$ of gentamicin was $3.17\pm0.43\;L/hr,\;0.458\pm0.06\;hr^{-1}\;in\;winter\;and\;3.66\pm0.45\;L/hr,\;0.561\pm0.07\;hr^{-1}$ in summer, The mean volumn of distribution $(V_{dss})$ of gentamicin at steady state was $12.65\pm1.09$L in winter and $12.39\pm1.25$ L in summer. Serum concentrations of gentamicin in winter were increased significantly during 4-8 hr (p<0.05) compared to those of gentamicin in summer. The elimination rate constant $(k_{10})$ of gentamicin in winter was decreased significantly $(p<0.05)$ compared to that of gentamicin in summer. The mean volume of distribution at steady state $(V_{dss})$, AUC, mean total body clearance ($CL_t$) and terminal half-life of gentamicin in the winter were increased but were not significant. The mean intrasubject fluctuations in terminal half-life, AUC and $CL_t$ between winter and summer were 8.2, 11.0 and $6.0\%$ respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.208-213
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• 2020

Four types of BaTiO₃ powders are prepared and successfully deposited on glass and Pt/Si substrates using the aerosol deposition process. Particles with sizes of 0.45 ㎛ and 0.3 ㎛ are selected as the starting powder, while those powders are treated using a different milling method. The jet-milled and ball-milled powders not only showed a smaller particle-size distribution, but compared with the non-milled powder, it also had a higher deposition rate using the uniformly generated aerosol. Although the films deposited using particles with size 0.45 ㎛ exhibited some craters on the surface, significantly flat film surfaces were obtained. However, particles with size 0.3 ㎛ create a slightly rough film surface, but the dielectric constant was greater than in the case involving particles with size 0.45 ㎛. Consequently, a suitably large particle size significantly influences the deposition rate and improvement in the surface roughness, and a uniform particle size distribution appears to contribute to an improved dielectric constant. Therefore, it is believed that the dielectric properties along with the growth characteristics can be enhanced by limiting particle size and shape.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2016

Most hot water heating valves for apartments are constant-flow types, which limit the flow rate through an individual household for even distribution of heating water to other households. The constant-flow type is implemented by an on-off control. As a result, heating water is supplied intermittently and hence, indoor air temperature also fluctuates. Returning water temperature is also high, which reduces energy efficiency. To implement continuous feedback control, the indoor temperature dynamics was simulated to fit a measured temperature history by a state-of-the-art physical model. From the model, it was found that the most important disturbance is outdoor temperature and its effect on indoor temperature lasts about an hour. To cope with the slow response and the significant disturbance, a prediction control with proportional feedback is proposed. The control was found to be successful in implementing continuous heating water flow and improved indoor temperature control.

• Journal of the Korean Physical Society
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• v.73 no.10
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• pp.1584-1588
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• 2018

During hyperthermia therapy, cancer cells are heated to a temperature in the range of $40{\sim}45^{\circ}C$ for a defined time period to damage these cells while keeping healthy tissues at safe temperatures. Prior to hyperthermia therapy, the amount of heat energy transferred to the cancer cells must be predicted. Among various non-invasive methods, the thermal prediction method using the specific absorption rate (SAR) is the most widely used method. The existing methods predict the thermal distribution by using a single constant for the mass density in one organ through assignment. However, because the SAR and the bio heat equation (BHE) vary with the mass density, the mass density of each organ must be accurately considered. In this study, the mass density distribution was calculated using the relationship between the Hounsfield unit and the mass density of tissues in preceding research. The SAR distribution was found using a quasi-static approximation to Maxwell's equation and was used to calculate the potential distribution and the energy distributions for capacitive RF heating. The thermal distribution during exposure to RF waves was determined by solving the BHE with consideration given to the considering contributions of heat conduction and external heating. Compared with reference data for the mass density, our results was within 1%. When the reconstructed temperature distribution was compared to the measured temperature distribution, the difference was within 3%. In this study, the density distribution and the thermal distribution were reconstructed for the agar phantom. Based on these data, we developed an algorithm that could be applied to patients.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1981

Photoelectric drift scans of nearby galaxies, M106, M31 and M33 have been made at diurnal rate with the 61cm Cassegrain Reflector at Sobacksan Observing Station. Luminosity profiles of M106 and M31 show the asymmetries between east and west sides of the galaxies and the near side of each galaxy exhibits a larger B-V color than the far side. B-V color distribution in the central part of MI06 shows somewhat unusual feature of a blue center with red surrounding regions, and this is an opposite trend to the ordinary color distribution of most of external galaxies. B-V color of M31 is nearly constant in the central part of the galaxy while U-B color decreases as the distance from the center increases.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.15-21
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• 1993

This paper considers the optimal design of accelerated life test in which the stress is linearly increased. It discusses the special case when the life distribution under constant stress follows an exponential distribution and the accelerated equation satisfies the inverse power law. It is assumed that cumulative damage is linear, that is, the remaining life of test units depends only on the current cumulative fraction failed and current stress(cumulative exposure model). The optimization criterion is the asymptotic variance of the maximum likelihood estimator of the log mean life at a design stress. The optimal increasing rate is obtained to minimize the asymptotic variance. Table of sensitivity analysis is given for the prior estimators of model parameters.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.861-871
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• 2016

The Groningen gas field shows exponential growth in earthquake event counts around a magnitude M1 with a doubling time of 6-9 years since 2001. This behavior is identified with dimensionless curvature in land subsidence, which has been evolving at a constant rate over the last few decades essentially uncorrelated to gas production. We demonstrate our mechanism by a tabletop crack formation experiment. The observed skewed distribution of event magnitudes is matched by that of maxima of event clusters with a normal distribution. It predicts about one event < M5 per day in 2025, pointing to increasing stress to human living conditions.