• ETRI Journal
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.140-150
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• 2009

Although mutation testing is potentially powerful, it is a computationally expensive testing method. To investigate how we can reduce the cost of object-oriented mutation testing, we have conducted empirical studies on class mutation operators. We applied class mutation operators to 866 classes contained in six open-source programs. An analysis of the number and the distribution of class mutants generated and preliminary data on the effectiveness of some operators are provided. Our study shows that the overall number of class mutants is smaller than for traditional mutants, which offers the possibility that class mutation can be made practically affordable.

• ALGAE
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2008

The purpose of research was to find aerial algae and to investigate the change of color in each class of photosynthetic pigments in five stone cultural properties of Korea. It turned out to be a total of 29 taxa, including as 26 species, 1 variety and 2 unidentified species. Among them, Haplaosiphon fontinalis and Stigonema turfaceum were found to be newly recorded species of Korea. The average Chl-a concentration from the change of color in the stone cultural properties increased as its class; however, the class 5 showed lower values than the class 4, which was shown in previous studies. From the studies of algal distribution, chlorophytes appeared earlier than cyanophytes in stone cultural properties of algal infestation. Also, 50% or more of the five stone cultural properties already appeared to have bio-pollution.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.5-10
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• 2015

Purpose - Conspicuous consumption is the public display of wealth to impress others. In this study, consumption patterns by social class and economic development of countries were theoretically examined. Research design, Data, and Methodology - A qualitative approach of historical investigation and literature review was employed to identify current trends and emerging phenomena in the areas of consumer behavior and conspicuous consumption. Result - The main participants of conspicuous consumption have changed from the upper class in developing countries to the middle class in developed countries. While the main purpose of conspicuous consumption, that is, achieving higher status, remains unchanged, a leisure upper class has emerged as a new consumer group for conspicuous consumption in developed countries. Conclusions - To satisfy consumers'demands for new conspicuous consumption, marketers are encouraged to offer luxury experience and hybrid products.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제99권5호
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• pp.720-725
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• 2010

On the basis of vegetation data in the 9.12 ha (380 m ${\times}$ 240 m) permanent sample plot of the spruce-fir valley forest in Liangshui National Reserve of Xiaoxing'an Mountains, the study was conducted to evaluate spatial distribution pattern and spatial association by using point pattern analysis for living and dead trees of Larix gmelini by DBH size class. The number of L. gmelini were counted as 59 living stems/ha (6.42 $m^2$/ha of basal area) and 34 dead stems/ha (2.86 $m^2$/ha of basal area). The distributional curve of diameter class exhibited bimodal shape. The analysis of spatial distribution patterns of all living larch stems noted the clumped distribution on the whole. The size of larch aggregates of dead stems was decreased as diameter class was increased. The distribution of dead stems became gradually randomized with decreased clumped size as the scale increased. Living stems and dead stems of the larch had positive spatial association at most of scales, illustrating that the occurrence of mortality of the larch tree was closely related to the distribution pattern of living larch trees.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권5호
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• pp.576-583
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• 2009

Based on the stem analysis and biomass measurement of 36 trees and 1,576 branches in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (Mongolian pine) plantations of Northeast China, this study was conducted to develop estimation model equation for leaf biomass of a single tree and branch, to examine the vertical distribution of leaf biomass in the crown, and to evaluate the proportional ratios of biomass by tree parts, stem, branch, and leaf. The results indicated that DBH and crown length were quite appropriate to estimate leaf biomass. The biomass of single branch was highly correlated with branch collar diameter and relative height of branch in the crown, but not much with stand density, site quality, and tree height. Weibull distribution function would have been appropriate to express vertical distribution of leaf biomass. The shape parameters from 29 sample trees out of 36 were less than 3.6, indicating that vertical distribution of leaf biomass in the crown was displayed by bell-shaped curve, a little inclined toward positive side. Apparent correlationship was obtained between leaf biomass and branch biomass having resulted in linear function equation. The stem biomass occupied around 80% and branch and leaf made up about 20% of total biomass in a single tree. As the level of tree class was increased from class I to class V, the proportion of the stem biomass to total biomass was gradually increased, but that of branch and leaf became decreased.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.101-115
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• 2005

This article provides a new class of multivariate linear failure rate distributions where every component is a mixture of linear failure rate distribution. The new class includes several multivariate and bivariate models including Marslall and Olkin type. The approach in this paper is based on the introducing a linear failure rate distributed latent random variable. The distribution of minimum in a competing risk model is discussed.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.55-69
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• 2006

This paper presents a new class of multivariate distributions with Pareto where dependence among the components is characterized by a latent random variable. The new class includes several multivariate and bivariate models of Marshall and Olkin type. It is found the bivariate distribution with Pareto is positively quadrant dependent and its mixture. Some important structural properties of the bivariate distributions with Pareto are discussed. The distribution of minimum in a competing risk Pareto model is derived.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.323-331
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• 1994

1983년부터 1994년 상반기까지 영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원 치과교정과에 내원한 1,050명의 진단기록 및 석고모형을 Angle씨 분류법으로 분류하고 성별, 연령별 분포 및 변동 추이에 대해 분석 해 본 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 거의 매년 환자의 내원율이 증가하였으며 남자에 비해 여자의 내원율이 높았다. 8세-15세 연령군이 전체 내원 환자수의 61.4%를 나타내었으며 20세 이상의 연령균은 18.5%, 7세 이하 연령군은 8.1%를 나타내었다. class I 은 42.2%, class II div 1은 22.5%, class II div 2는 3.9%, class III은 29.1%, 구순구개열 화자는 2.0%를 나타내었다. 외과적 교정 환자의 수가 증가하는 추세에 있었다.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2006

A new class of life distributions is studied. This class is defined based on comparing the residual life time to the whole life in the moment generating function order giving 'the new better than used in the moment generating function order ageing class $(NBU_{mgf})$'. Fundamental properties of this class are given including some closure properties and characterizations. Finally, we consider new results about comparisons of age and block replacement policies when the underlying distribution belongs to $NBU_{mgf}$ aging classes.

• 한국국방경영분석학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.50-62
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• 2004

Every year, about 250,000 new recruits enter the military under the R.O.K military draft system. When the fresh soldier groups arrived at the Recruit Training Center, their supplies are distributed before they get basic military training. The supplies are divided by season, summer and winter. There are 14 class of summer items and 20 class of winter items, and the each class has about a few kinds of items. Totally, there are the hundreds kinds of supplies and the supplies distribution system is manually operated. However, in the current system, many problems such as spending a lot of time, manpower and high change rate due to the inaccurate distribution have been raised. This paper suggests the automated supplies distribution system to solve the above problems. We choose the appropriate facilities in the system by using the AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) and analyse the operating efficiency of the new system by simulation. The new suggested system shows about $39.25\%$ improvement in throughput and 3.75 times reduction of manpower compared to the current system.