• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 1996년도 제4회 하계분리막 Workshop (초순수 제조와 막분리 공정)
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• pp.177-189
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• 1996

Raverase osmosis or ultrafiltration systems have generally been regarded as hard to validate about WFI production. Though the Japanese and US Pharmacopoeias have allowed distillation and RO to be applied to WFI production process, only water stills, especially multiple effects have practically been employed for parenteral water production. On the other hand, the latest analysis has shown that even distillate contains such volatile organic matters as trihalomethanes and traces of heavy metals at a little higher concentration than supposed. The JP requires TOC to be monitored in WFI process based on RO or UF systems to control the concentration below 300ppb, but very few monographs or papers have so far been published about the concentrations of organic volatile matters in distillate. (See table 1-1) Therefore, this paper proposes a new applicable WFI systems based on the result of purified water analysis with some membranes used in the process. A well combined membrane system with other units could be expected to provide less amount of impurities in membrane-treated water than in distillate.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제3권6호
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• pp.112-122
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• 1995

As an alternative fuel producing less exhaust emissions, natural gas is of interest for use both in SI and CI engines. The potential of natural gas fuelled dual-fuel engine is considered high enough. However, much effort has to be made so that gaseous fuel is used efficiently with simultaneous minimum use of pilot oil. Hence, a simplified three-dimensional model, using a finite volume method in cylindrical coordinates, has been developed to facilitate an understanding of the dual-fuel combustion phenomena and to predict the complex interactions between the pilot distillate and natural gas. The computer model was calibrated by comparing it with the experimental results obtained from diesel engine like combustion bomb tests. In the pre-mixed natural gas combustion, the fuel burning was highly reliant on the injection condition and subsequent burning nature of the pilot distillate.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.347-353
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• 2019

Although membrane distillation (MD) has great promise for desalination of saline water sources, it is crucial to improve its thermal efficiency to reduce the operating cost. Accordingly, this study intended to examine the thermal energy efficiency of MD modules in a pilot scale system. Two different modules of hollow fiber membranes were compared in direct contact MD mode. One of them was made of polypropylene with the effective membrane area of $2.6m^2$ and the other was made of polyvinylidene fluoride with the effective membrane area of $7.6m^2$. The influence of operation parameters, including the temperatures of feed and distillate, feed flow rate, and distillate flow rate on the flux, recovery, and performance ratio (PR), was investigated. Results showed that the two MD membranes showed different flux and PR values even under similar conditions. Moreover, both flow rate and temperature difference between feed and distillate significantly affect the PR values. These results suggest that the operating conditions for MD should be determined by considering the module properties.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.196-210
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• 2006

Objectives : This study aimed to find the curative effect of Gamitongkyutang distillate in mice with allergic rhinitis. Metbods : Forty mice were divided into four groups: the normal group, the control group (allergic rhinitis elicited group), the sample I group (Gamitongkyutang treated group after allergic rhinitis elicitation) and the sample II group (distillate of Gamitongkyutang treated group after allergic rhinitis elicitation). Indexes of AR were investigated such as the histological changes of the nasal mucosa, the changes of eosinophil count, the changes of interleukin-4(IL-4) secretion in the intranasal mucosa, the alteration of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) mRNA expression and the distribution of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis (p<0.05). Results : Loss of the cilium and the mucous secretion in the sample I and II groups was rare when compared to the control group. The segment of eosinophil was significantly decreased in the sample I and II groups when compared to the control group (p<0.05). A significant decrease of IL-4 mRNA expression was observed in the sample I and II groups when compared with the control group (p<0.05). Inhibition of iNOS induced by NF-kB p50 in the sample I and II groups was significantly superior to that in the control group (p<0.05). DGT and GT didn't affect AST and ALT. Conclusions : GT was superior to DGT in the IL-4 secretion, eosinophil levels and iNOS production. However, considering the difficulty in taking herbal medicine, the DGT has a meaningful curative effect in mice with allergic rhinitis.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.429-433
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 음식물퇴비에서 발생되는 악취물질 중 암모니아 가스를 탈취제를 사용하여 제거하는 실험을 진행하였다. 이를 위해 탈취제로 죽초액(bamboo smoke distillate, BSD)을 사용하여 첨가량과 반응시간에 따른 변화를 반응표면분석법을 통해 최적점을 도출하였다. 그 결과 본 연구에서 사용한 분석 범위내에서는 음식물퇴비(food waste compost, FWC) 600 g 당 죽초액 74 mL (0.123 mL BSD/g FWC)를 첨가하고 3시간 반응하였을 때 제거량(8.47 ppm $NH_3$/600g FWC)이 가장 높았다. 탈취제로 식초를 사용하였을 때의 암모니아 제거량보다 죽초액을 사용하였을 때 암모니아 제거량이 높았다(p < 0.05).

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.90-100
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Jeokbaekhaogwanjung-tang (JGT) distillate on the immune activity of spleen cells of aged rats. Methods: Spleen cells of 10w, 52w 72w old SD rats were cultured and treated with JGT distillate and the levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-${\gamma}$ were measured. Results: 1. The levels of IL-2 and IFN-${\gamma}$ in the spleen cells of 52w old rats were significantly decreased by JGT treatment. 2. The level of IFN-${\gamma}$ in the spleen cells of 72w old rats were significantly decreased by JGT treatment. Conclusion: These results suggest that Jeokbaekhaogwanjung-tang distillate has an immune regulative effect by way of suppressing the change of immune activity caused by aging in rats.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.236-245
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• 1999

Andong Soju is a Korean traditional distilled liquor brewed with Nuruk which is cultured with wild microorganisms. To provide useful information for scientific production and systematic quality control of traditional distilled liquor, the effects of mixed culture of the alcoholic yeasts and saccharifying molds isolated from the Nuruk, and mashes on the flavor and sensory characteristics were investigated. Distillate from mashes cocultured with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula anomala using Mucor Nuruk was compared with distillate from mashes brewed with Andong Nuruk and with distillate from plant fermented mashes to analyze their flavor characteristics. The volatile flavor compounds in distillates were analyzed by GC and GC-MS using direct injection, solvent extraction, and purge & trap methods. Alcohols such as 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-propanol, and 2-phenyl ethanol; aldehydes such as acetaldehyde and 2-furancar-boxaldehyde; esters such as ethyl ester of acetic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid; alkanes, alkenes, ketone, sulfur, and pyrone compounds were detected. Alcohols were chief components of flavor compounds. No significant difference in overall acceptability test was shown among three experimental groups(p<0.05), but Nuruk-like aroma, Kaoliangchiew-like aroma, sweet taste, and well rounded mouthfeel showed significant differences among them(p<0.05).

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.52-60
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the effect of Lycii fructus beer on serum lipid profiles and antioxidant activity in rat Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighting about 190g were divided into the following 5 groups ; distillate water (Control), 5% ethanol in distillate water (Ethanol), commercial beer (CB), Lycii fructus beer (LFB) and 5% alcohol red wine diluted with distillate water (RW). Body weight, total food intake, FER and percent organ (liver, kidney) weight per body weight were not significantly changed by Lycii fructus beer drinking. After 6 weeks, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL cholesterol level were not significantly different. But, Lycii fructus beer intake tended to decrease serum triglyceride level and atherogenic index. Also, GOT and GPT levels were expressed lower than Ethanol group. There was not significantly different in hepatic glutatiione (GSH) content and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities among 5 groups. Lipid peroxidation in the hepatic was decreased by Lycii fructus beer intake. The results demonstrated that Lycii fructus beer was potential and effective antioxidant that can protect the decrease associated with alcohol.

• 생약학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.106-114
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• 1992

The acute toxicity and the effect of steam distillate obtained from several plant mixtures (G-3) on the reactivation of brain, lung, and blood acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and recovery from other toxic symptoms following intoxication by organophosphate pesticides were investigated in mice and mudfish. Administration of G-3 $(50{\sim}100\;ml/kg,\;i.p.)$ immediately or 30 min prior to Diazinon or Sumithion treatments, respectively, resulted in a significant reactivation of AChE activity in brain, lung, and blood, their potencies being almost equipotent to those of 2-PAM, one of well-known antidotes. G-3 itself exhibited almost no acute toxicity even at the highest dose employed, and without effect on the inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism function following organophosphate administrations. G-3 showed a significant diminution of the death rate in mudfish as well as in mice intoxicated by Diazinon.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2003

인삼 분말 및 증류액을 첨가하여 제조한 돈가스는 CIE로 측정한 결과 대조구와 비교하여 L값(lightness)이 유의적으로 낮고 a값(redness)이 유의적으로 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 저장 실험 결과 TBA값은 인삼분말 및 증류액 첨가구가 대조구와 비교하여 저장기간이 증가할수록 낮게 나타났다. 조직특성에 있어서 인삼증류액 또는 분말을 처리한 돈가스 처리구를 2$0^{\circ}C$에서 약 8주간 냉동저장시 초기에만 경도가 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으며 그 이외에 돈가스의 탄력성, 응집성 및 씹힙성에서는 처리구간에 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 저장기간 동안 인삼분말과 증류액을 혼합하여 처리한 첨가구가 인삼분말만 혼합한 처리구와 비교하여 돈육향미는 낮고 인삼만 및 향미가 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며 특히 Pl.5Dl.5 처리구가 인삼 맛과 향미가 가장 높게 나타났다. 인삼향기성분은 주로 spahulenol, panasinsanol, neointermedol, ginsenol 등 인 것으로 나타났으며 인삼분말 단독첨가보다 증류액과 혼합첨가한 처리구내 인삼향기 성분이 더 많이 검출되었다. 한편, 관능평가 결과 인삼분말 및 증류액을 혼합 첨가한 처리구가 인삼 향미 및 인삼 맛이 가장 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 인삼증류액은 인삼분말과 혼합하여 육가공품 제조시 이용한다면 항산화 효과와 함께 천연 향미강화제로도 이용이 가능할 것으로 추측된다.