• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1971

This study was planned to see whether the Panax Ginseng root has any influence upon the emotionality in rats exposed to a novel open-field and induced by a grid shock. Sixty four male albino rats whose body weight ranged from 130 to 180 gm were used. They were divided into four groups, i.e., placebo control group, 5mg/kg Ginseng ext. group, 10mg/kg Ginseng ext. group, and 20mg/kg Ginseng ext. group. Sixteen rats were subjected in each group. Open-field activity was measured in a $2.20m\;{\times}\;2.20m$ open-field that was divided into 15cm squares. Four novel objects and food pellets were put with an equal distance in the open-field. Locomotion was recorded by entering the number of squares traversed for 4 min. and behaviors which were shown at the 10-sec. period were checked by a modified Jarrad and Bunnel's observation procedure. Sensitivity to the grid shock was measured in a compartment of shuttle box. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 volt ac. 2 sec., electric shock were delivered in each subject by the grid to animal's feet. Flinch, vocalization and jumping responses were rated in each shock level. The results obtained were as follows: 1.) 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg Ginseng ext. groups were tended to increase the ambulation and exploration compared with placebo control. 2.) All Ginseng extract groups were defecated significantly less often than placebo control in the open-field and shock situation. 3.) Thresholds to the electric shock were tended to elevate in all Ginseng groups. 4.) These results suggest that Ginseng extract has a stimulant action in open-field and a tranqulizing action in feared situation.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 2017

PURPOSES : The desire of drivers to increase their driving speeds is increasing in response to the technological advancements in vehicles and roads. Therefore, studies are being conducted to increase the maximum design speed in Korea to 140 km/h. The stopping sight distance (SSD) is an important criterion for acquiring sustained road safety in road design. Moreover, although the perception-reaction time (PRT) is a critical variable in the calculation of the SSD, there are not many current studies on PRT. Prior to increasing the design speed, it is necessary to confirm whether the domestic PRT standard (2.5 s) is applicable to high-speed driving. Thus, in this study, we have investigated the influence of high-speed driving on PRT. METHODS : A driving simulator was used to record the PRT of drivers. A virtual driving map was composed using UC-Win/Road software. Experiments were carried out at speeds of 100, 120, and 140 km/h while assuming the following three driving scenarios according to driver expectation: Expected, Unexpected, and Surprised. Lastly, we analyzed the gaze position of the driver as they drove in the simulated environment using Smarteye. RESULTS : Driving simulator experimental results showed that the PRT of drivers decreased as driving speed increased from 100 km/h to 140 km/h. Furthermore, the gaze position analysis results demonstrated that the decrease in PRT of drivers as the driving speed increased was directly related to their level of concentration. CONCLUSIONS : In the experimental results, 85% of drivers responded within 2.0 s at a driving speed of 140 km/h. Thus, the results obtained here verify that the current domestic standard of 2.5 s can be applied in the highways designated to have 140 km/h maximum speed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.149-163
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• 2000

The purposes of this study were to investigate the pathway which stroke patients take in seeking medical care and to identify factors which influence that pathway. This study was conducted by a survey. The subjects were 130 adults, who were diagnosed with a stroke between January and April of 2000. Data was collected by means of a interview, questionnaires, and an Activity Index. The result of this study are summarized as follows: 1. The mean age of subject was 61.58 years. Forty-nine percent were men and fifty percent were women. The majority of the subjects were married. For educational level, thirty-three percent finished elementary school, and twenty-three percent, high school. Most of the subjects reported 'middle' economic status. Ninety-two percent lived with their spouse and children. The diagnosis for seventy-two percent was ischemic stroke and for twenty-two percent, hemorrhagic stroke. 2 The most frequent early sign of stroke was hemiplegia(43.3%), loss of consciousness (36.7%), dysarthria(33.3%). The type of hospital first used was a herb hospital(40.8%), or a western hospital(59.2%). The factors in their choice were ; distance from the hospital to the place that the stroke occurred(47.5%), desire for a herb hospital(15.8%), and an invitation(12.9%). The ischemic stroke patients preferred herb hospitals, but hemorrhagic stroke patients preferred a western hospitals. 3. The pattern of stroke patients seeking medical care was that forty-three percent of stroke patients pass through step 1, forty-six percent, through step 2, and 8.5% through step 3. The more steps, the higher the use of herb hospitals. 4. The factors influencing the pathway of stroke patients seeking medical care were diagnosis, and level of consciousness. Ischemic stroke patients used herb hospitals, more frequently hemorrhagic stroke patients, who used western hospitals. The alert patient preferred a herb hospital, but stupor patients preferred a western hospital. 5. The Activity Index was not related to the pathway which stroke patients used in seeking medical care.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.587-596
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• 2008

For Wireless internet service in Metropolitan area, optimum location selection for base station and cell planning are critical process in determining service coverage by accurate prediction of Wave Propagation Characteristics. Due to different kinds of characteristics in service area such as lay of land, natural feature and material, height and width of artificially made building, it has a great impact on the transmission and distance recovery of wireless network service. Therefore, these facts may cause substantial barriers in predicting & analyzing the expected level of service quality and providing it to subscribers. In this thesis, we have simulated the process to improve quality and coverage of the service by adjusting the location of Base station and the antenna angle that influence the service after the basic location of base station is selected according to the wave prediction model. Based on this simulations test, we have demonstrated the results in which subscribers would get higher quality of wireless internet service along with bigger coverage and the improved quality in the same service coverage area through optimization process of base station.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.526-543
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• 2008

Based on the social network analysis(SNA), this study examines the structural and spatial characteristics of the actor networks of the manufacturing industries for the elderly. In the field of economic geography, former researches on network have mainly focused on the network governance. However, this study focused on the social network analysis. Centrality indexes are used to analyze the topological structure of actor networks of firms and organizations. In order to investigate the spatial structure of actor networks, not only the regional distribution of actors but also the correlation between centrality index and distance are analyzed. Network matrixes among actors are transformed to network matrixes among regions using block modeling method to reveal the spatial characteristics of the actor networks. In spite of the importance of the Capital Region, networks in the non-Capital Region like Chungnam and Pusan were showed high network density. This suggested that some kinds of policy project operating in the non-Capital Region had the influence on this network in the initial stage of industry.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2010

In this research, we designed the head mouse system for disabled and gamers, a mouse controller which can be controlled by head movements and eye blinks only, and compared its performance with other regular mouse controller systems. The head mouse was moved by a gyro-sensor, which can measure an angular rotation of a head movement, and the eye blink was used as a clicking event of the mouse system. Accumulated errors caused by integral, which was a problem that previous head mouse system had, were removed periodically, and treated as dead zones in the non-linear relative point graph, and direct mouse point control was possible using its moving distance and acceleration calculation. We used the active light sources to minimize the influence of the ambient light changes, so that the head mouse was not affected by the change in external light source. In a comparison between the head mouse and the gazing tracking mouse (Quick Glance), the above method resulted about 21% higher score on the clicking event experiment called "20 clicks", about 25% higher on the dasher experiment, and about 37% higher on on-screen keyboard test respectively, which concludes that the proposed head mouse has better performance than the standard mouse system.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.58-65
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• 2016

Hydraulic analysis of the natural gas transmission pipeline is to determine whether adequate flow can be sustained throughout the design life of pipeline under all expected flow conditions. Many factors have to be considered in the hydraulic design of long-distance pipelines, including the nature, volume, temperature and pressure of fluid to be transported, the length and elevation of pipeline and the environment of terrain traversed. This study reviewed the available gas operation data provided by pipeline construction project in the arctic area and discussed the gas properties such as viscosity and compressibility factor that influence gas flow through a pipeline. Pipeline inside diameter was calculated using several flow equations and pipeline wall thickness was calculated from Barlow's equation applying a safety factor and including the yield strength of the pipe material. The AGA flow equation was used to calculate the pressure drop due to friction, gas temperature and pipeline elevation along the pipeline. The hydraulic design in this study was compared with the report of Alaska Pipeline Project.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.162-172
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• 2011

In this paper, simulation was used to determine accuracies of genomic breeding values for polygenic traits associated with many thousands of markers obtained from high density genome scans. The statistical approach was based upon stochastically simulating a pedigree with a specified base population and a specified set of population parameters including the effective and noneffective marker distances and generation time. For this population, marker and quantitative trait locus (QTL) genotypes were generated using either a single linkage group or multiple linkage group model. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was simulated for an entire bovine genome (except for the sex chromosome, n = 29) including linkage and recombination. Individuals drawn from the simulated population with specified marker and QTL genotypes were randomly mated to establish appropriate levels of linkage disequilibrium for ten generations. Phenotype and genomic SNP data sets were obtained from individuals starting after two generations. Genetic prediction was accomplished by statistically modeling the genomic relationship matrix and standard BLUP methods. The effect of the number of linkage groups was also investigated to determine its influence on the accuracy of breeding values for genomic selection. When using high density scan data (0.08 cM marker distance), accuracies of breeding values on juveniles were obtained of 0.60 and 0.82, for a low heritable trait (0.10) and high heritable trait (0.50), respectively, in the single linkage group model. Estimates of 0.38 and 0.60 were obtained for the same cases in the multiple linkage group models. Unexpectedly, use of BLUP regression methods across many chromosomes was found to give rise to reduced accuracy in breeding value determination. The reasons for this remain a target for further research, but the role of Mendelian sampling may play a fundamental role in producing this effect.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.94-104
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• 2012

The purpose of this research is to quantify the compliance of on-road emission from a light duty diesel vehicle, based on a comparison to emission regulation standard. $NO_x$, CO and THC emissions were measured using a portable device on a selected real-world driving route with a length of approximately 22 km. On-road measurements were repeated by 10 times on a same route to reflect variability in traffic conditions. A test route was divided into 22 road links with length of 1 km to analyze emission results with higher spatial resolution. The average emissions of $NO_x$, CO and THC over total travel distance, which is approximately 220 km, were quantified to be in compliance with emission regulation standards. Under higher spatial resolution, $NO_x$ concentration exceeded a standard in 92 links out of 220 links. The extended time in stop period and the stop-and-go driving cycle were identified as two important reasons for increased $NO_x$ emissions in observed cases. Heavy traffics showed higher $NO_x$ emissions than free flow. These results indicate that the real-world vehicle emissions might exceed the compliance level associate with traffic conditions. Another interesting observation of this research is that the on-road emission characteristics can be independent to the average speed of road links with higher spatial resolution. Variability in on-road emission might not be fully described by solely relying on an average speed, because variability in traffic conditions and road conditions can influence on real-world vehicle emissions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2008

This study was conducted in order to recommend forest-based wildlife protection areas in Chung-nam Province using several basic habitat conditions. The conditions used in this study were the forest patch size with the potential to keep wildlife animals safe, the distance from water sources, and the availability of food for wildlife. The fractal dimension index was also used to find the edge line dynamics, which can influence on habitat conditions for edge species. The natural conservation management indices including a forest map (indicating the level of forest age), a slope map, and an elevation map were used to find the forest patches with enough space for wildlife to live on. Water resources and their buffer areas were considered as factors to protect the space as an ecological corridor. Deciduous trees and trees mixed with deciduous trees and conifers were chosen to provide wildlife animals their food. In total, 525 forest patches were chosen and recommended for the wildlife protection area. Five of these forest patches were recommended as wildlife protection areas managed by the provincial government. The other 520 forest patches were recommended to protect local wildlife animals and be managed by each county or city. These forest patches were located around the Geum-buk and Geum-nam mountains, and the forest patches are important resources as habitats to keep wildlife in the area. An ecological network consists of these separate forest patches with the ecological integration. A fractal dimension index was used to divide forest patches into several categories in order to find how patches are shaped. The forest patches with longer edges or more irregular shapes have a much higher possibility of being inhabited by various types of edge species. Through comparison of the wildlife protection areas recommended in this study to the current wildlife protection areas, we recognized that the current wildlife protection areas need boundary adjustments in order for wildlife animals to survive by themselves with water sources and food.