• Title/Summary/Keyword: Dissolved Hydrogen Effect

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Effect of Water Chemistry Factors on Flow Accelerated Corrosion : pH, DO, Hydrazine (유동가속부식에 영향을 미치는 수화학 인자 : pH, 용존산소, 하이드라진)

  • Lee, Eun Hee;Kim, Kyung Mo;Kim, Hong Pyo
    • Corrosion Science and Technology
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    • v.12 no.6
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    • pp.280-287
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    • 2013
  • Flow accelerated corrosion(FAC) of the carbon steel piping in pressurized water reactors(PWRs) has been major issue in nuclear industry. Severe accident at Surry Unit 2 in 1986 initiated the worldwide interest in this area. Major parameters influencing FAC are material composition, microstructure, water chemistry, and hydrodynamics. Qualitative behaviors of FAC have been well understood but quantitative data about FAC have not been published for proprietary reason. In order to minimize the FAC in PWRs, the optimal method is to control water chemistry factors. Chemistry factors influencing FAC such as pH, corrosion potential, and hydrazine contents were reviewed in this paper. FAC rate decreased with pH up to 10 because magnetite solubility decreased with pH. Corrosion potential is generally controlled dissolved oxygen (DO) and hydrazine in secondary water. DO increased corrosion potential. FAC rate decreased with DO by stabilizing magnetite at low DO concentration or by formation of hematite at high DO concentration. Even though hydrazine is generally used to remove DO, hydrazine itself thermally decomposed to ammonia, nitrogen, and hydrogen raising pH. Hydrazine could react with iron and increased FAC rate. Effect of hydrazine on FAC is rather complex and should be careful in FAC analysis. FAC could be managed by adequate combination of pH, corrosion potential, and hydrazine.

Dissolution of synthetic U-DBP and corrosion of stainless steel by dissolution schemes

  • Guanghui Wang;Yaorui Li ;Mingjian He ;Meng Zhang ;Yang Gao ;Hui He ;Caishan Jiao
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • v.55 no.5
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    • pp.1644-1650
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    • 2023
  • In spent fuel reprocessing, UO2(DBP)2 (U-DBP) can be deposited in stainless steel equipment. U-DBP must be removed by dissolution and the process must not cause corrosion to stainless steel. This study was conducted to find the best scheme for dissolution. U-DBP was manufactured by the titrimetric sedimentation method. The effects of different factors on the dissolution of U-DBP were investigated. For example, solid-liquid ratio, hydrazine carbonate solutions with different mass components, mixed solutions containing different concentrations of H2O2, and different carbonates. The results indicated that U-DBP does not have a regular crystal morphology. With the increase of the solid-liquid ratio and the mass fraction of hydrazine carbonate, the concentration of U(VI) at the dissolution equilibrium increases gradually. The addition of H2O2 has a great promotion effect on the dissolution. However, when the concentration of H2O2 is greater than 0.5 M, the dissolution solution may have an erosive effect on the stainless steel. (NH4)2CO3 can increase the dissolution capacity of dissolved U-DBP, but it may also accelerate the corrosion of stainless steel.

Study on the Biodegradability of Dispersants and Dispersant/Bunker-C Oil Mixtures and the Dissolved Oxygen Consumption in the Seawater(I) - The Biodegradability of Dispersants and the Dissolved Oxygen Consumption in the Seawater - (해수중에서 유처리제 및 유처리제/Bunker-C유 혼합물의 생분해도와 용존산소소비에 관한 연구(I) - 유처리제의 생분해도와 용존산소소비 -)

  • KIM Gwang-Su;PARK Chung-Kil;YOU Sun-Jae
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.26 no.5
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    • pp.493-501
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    • 1993
  • As the dispersants and the dispersant/oil mixtures are degraded naturally by the microorganisms in the seawater, the consumption of dissolved oxygen may cause marine organisms to be damaged especially in the waters where the dissolved oxygen level is low due to the pollution and the restriction of seawater flow. The biodegradation experiment, the TOD analysis and the element analysis for three dispersants(SG, GL and WC) and a nonionic surfactant(OA-5) were conducted for the purposes of evaluating the biodegradability of dispersants and studying the effect of dispersants on dissolved oxygen in the seawater. The results of biodegradation experiment showed 1mg of dispersants to be equivalent to $0.403{\sim}0.595mg$ of $BOD_5$ and to $0.703{\sim}0.855mg$ of $BOD_{20}$, and 1mg of nonionic surfactant to be equivalent to 0.50mg of $BOD_5$ and to 0.97mg of $BOD_{20}$ in the natural seawater. The results of TOD analysis showed 1mg of dispersants to be $2.37{\sim}2.80mg$ of TOD and 1mg of nonionic surfactant to be 2.45mg of TOD. The results of element analysis showed carbon content and hydrogen content to be $67.6{\sim}76.5\%$ and $10.2{\sim}12.2\%$ for dispersants, and $65.3\%$ and $10.3\%$ for nonionic surfactant, respectively. No nitrogen element was detected in dispersants and a nonionic surfactant. The biodegradability of dispersants shown as the ratio of $BOD_5/TOD$ was found to be in the range of $17{\sim}21\%$, and that of nonionic surfactant was found to be about $20\%$. This means that dispersants and nonionic surfactant belong in the organic matter group of middle-biodegradabilily. The deoxygenation rates($K_1$) and ultimate oxygen demands($L_o$) obtained through the biodegration experiment and Thomas slope method were found to be $0.121{\sim}0.171/day$ and $3.155{\sim}3.810mg/l$ for 4mg/l of dispersants and to be 0.181/day and 1.911mg/l for 2mg/l of nonionic surfactant in the seawater, respectively.

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A Study of Hexavalent Chromium Reduction by Iron Sulfide (황화철에 의한 6가 크롬의 환원에 관한 연구)

  • Jo, Se-I;Park, Jae-Woo
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.27 no.6
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    • pp.657-662
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    • 2005
  • Iron sulfide(FeS) is significantly produced through both abiotic and biotic processes in natural sediments and pore waters. In this study, chromium(VI) reaction with iron sulfide at various initial concentrations and at pH values of 4 and 8 was conducted to better understand the interactions between Cr(VI) and Fe(II) species dissolved from iron sulfide in both the aqueous and solid phases. Also, the removal efficiency of iron sulfide was compared with zero valent iron and other iron bearing oxides such as ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$, ${\alpha}-FeOOH$ and $Fe_3O_4$. The Cr(VI) removal rate by iron sulfide was higher at pH 4 than at pH 8 because more dissolved Fe(II) existed at pH 4 than at pH 8. Chromium and iron(oxyhydroxide) could be identified on the iron sulfide surface with transmission microscopy imaging and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The removal capacity of iron sulfide was much higher than zero valent iron and other iron oxide minerals due to the synergic effect of hydrogen sulfide and ferrous iron.

Hydrogeochemical and geostatistical study of shallow alluvial groundwater in the Youngdeok area

  • Kim, Nam-Jin;Yun, Seong-Taek;Kwon, Man-Jae;Kim, Hyoung-Soo;Kim, Chang-Hoon;Koh, Yong-Kwon
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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    • 2000.11a
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    • pp.232-236
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    • 2000
  • Multi-regression statistical analyses were applied for the water quality data of shallow alluvial ground water (n = 47) collected from the Youngdeok area, in order to quantitatively generalize the natural (non-anthropogenic) causes of regional water quality variation. Seven samples having the high contamination index ( $C_{a}$ > 3) reflect the striong effects by anthropogenic activity. Most of the alluvial groundwaters have acquired their quality primarily due to the dissolution of carbonate minerals. The results of multi-regression analysis show that chlorine is mainly derived from seawater effect. Sulfur isotopic compositions of dissolved sulfur and the S $O_4$/Cl ratio also enable us to discriminate the samples (n = 18) which are affected by atmospheric input of marine aerosol (sea-spray) and also by mixing between freshwater and seawater. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data of the samples collected lie close to the local meteoric water line obtained from nearby Pohang city but has lower slope (5.45) on the $\delta$D-$^{18}$ O plot, indicating that alluvial groundwater was recharged from infiltrated meteoric water which has undergone some degree of kinetic evaporation. The estimated initial isotopic composition of the recharged water ($\delta$D = -74.8$^{0}$ /$_{00}$, $\delta$$^{18}$ O = -10.8$^{[-1000]}$ /$_{[-1000]}$ ) suggests that the alluvial ground water recharge largely occurs during summer storm events.s.s.

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Effect of pre-treatment of AZ91 Mg alloy in HF solution on PEO film formation behavior (AZ91 마그네슘 합금의 PEO 피막 형성거동에 미치는 HF전처리의 영향)

  • Kwon, Duyoung;Song, Pung-Keun;Moon, Sungmo
    • Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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    • v.54 no.4
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    • pp.184-193
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    • 2021
  • This study demonstrates formation behavior and morphological changes of PEO (Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) films on AZ91 Mg alloy as a function of pre-treatment time in 1 M HF solution at 25 ± 1 ℃. The electrochemical behavior and morphological changes of AZ91 Mg alloy in the pre-treatment solution were also investigated with pre-treatment time. The PEO films were formed on the pre-treated AZ91 Mg alloy specimen by the application of anodic current 100 mA/cm2 of 300 Hz AC in 0.1 M NaOH + 0.4 M Na2SiO3 solution. Vigorous generation of hydrogen bubbles were observed upon immersion in the pre-treatment solution and its generation rate decreased with immersion time. It was also found that 𝛽-Mg17Al12 in AZ91 Mg alloy was dissolved and a protective thin film of MgF2 was formed on the AZ91 Mg alloy surface during the pre-treatment process in the 1 M HF solution. PEO film did not grow on the AZ91 Mg alloy specimen when the surface was not pre-treated and irregular PEO films with nodular defects were formed for the specimens pre-treated up to 1 min. Uniform PEO films were formed when the AZ91 Mg alloy specimen was pre-treated more than 3 min. The growth rate of PEO films on AZ91 Mg alloy increased significantly with increasing pre-treatment time.

A Study on the Effect of the Development of Anaerobic Respiration Processes in the Sediment with the Water-column Stratification and Hypoxia and Its Influence on Methane at Dangdong Bay in Jinhae, Korea (진해 당동만의 성층과 빈산소에 따른 퇴적물내 혐기층 발달이 메탄 거동에 미치는 영향 연구)

  • Kim, Seoyoung;An, Soonmo
    • Ocean and Polar Research
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    • v.44 no.1
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2022
  • Hypoxia can affect water-atmosphere methane flux by controlling the production and consumption processes of methane in coastal areas. Seasonal methane concentration and fluxes were quantified to evaluate the effects of seasonal hypoxia in Dangdong Bay (Gyeongsangnamdo, Jinhae Bay, South Korea). Sediment-water methane flux increased more than 300 times during hypoxia (normoxia and hypoxia each 6, 1900 µmol m-2 d-1), and water-atmospheric methane flux and bottom methane concentration increased about 2, 10 times (normoxia and hypoxia each 190, 420 µmol m-2 d-1; normoxia and hypoxia each 22, 230 nM). Shoaling of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in the sediments during the hypoxia (August) was confirmed by the change of the depth at which the maximum hydrogen sulfide concentration was detected. Shoaling shortens the distance between the water column and methanogenesis section to facilitate the inflow of organic matter, which can lead to an increase in methane production. In addition, since the transport distance of the generated methane to the water column is shortened, consumption of methane will be reduced. The combination of increased production and reduced consumption could increase sediment-aqueous methane flux and dissolved methane, which is thought to result in an increase in water-atmospheric methane flux. We could not observe the emission of methane accumulated during the hypoxia due to stratification, so it is possible that the estimated methane flux to the atmosphere was underestimated. In this study, the increase in methane flux in the coastal area due to hypoxia was confirmed, and the necessity of future methane production studies according to oxygen conditions in various coastal areas was demonstratedshown in the future.

Characteristics of Bunsen Reaction using Ultrasonic Irradiation in Sulfur-iodine Hydrogen Production Process (황-요오드 수소 제조 공정에서 초음파 조사를 이용한 분젠 반응의 특성)

  • Kim, Hyo Sub;Lee, Dong Hee;Lee, Jong Gyu;Park, Chu Sik;Kim, Young Ho
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.56-61
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    • 2018
  • In Bunsen reaction section for the integrated operation of sulfur-iodine (SI) process, $I_2$ and $H_2O$ reactants are supplied as dissolved species in an $HI_x$ solution. Most of the $H_2SO_4$ product is found in the $HI_x$ phase when Bunsen reaction is performed using the $HI_x$ solution and $SO_2$ feed, so that the volume ratio of the $H_2SO_4$ phase to the $HI_x$ phase is very low. In this study, we investigated the effects of ultrasound irradiation on Bunsen reaction using the $HI_x$ solution to improve its phase separation performance. With ultrasound irradiation, the amount of $H_2SO_4$ moved to the $H_2SO_4$ phase from the $HI_x$ phase increased by up to 58.0 mol% and the volume of $H_2SO_4$ phase also increased by up to 13.1 vol%. In particular, the effect of ultrasound irradiation on the phase separation was improved with decreasing operating temperature, $I_2$ and $H_2O$ feed concentrations. The ultrasound irradiation induces the formation of additional $H_2O$ molecules by shifting microscopically the reaction equilibrium in the $HI_x$ phase. Afterward, the additionally generated $H_2O$ and isolated $H_2SO_4$ molecules form more $H_2SO_4{\cdot}xH_2O$ (x = 5-6) clusters that can be moved to the $H_2SO_4$ phase.

Reevaluation of hydrogen gas dissolved cleaning solutions in single wafer megasonic cleaning

  • Kim, Hyeok-Min;Gang, Bong-Gyun;Lee, Seung-Ho;Kim, Jeong-In;Lee, Hui-Myeong;Park, Jin-Gu
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2009.11a
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    • pp.34.1-34.1
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    • 2009
  • 1970년대 WernerKern에 의해서 개발된 RCA 습식 세정 공정은 이후 메가소닉 기술 개발과 더불어 현재까지반도체 세정 공정에서 필수 공정으로 알려져 있다. 하지만, 반도체패턴의 고집적화 미세화에 따라 메가소닉을 기반으로 하는 세정기술은 패턴 붕괴 및 나노 입자 제거의 한계를 드러내면서 난관에 봉착하고 있으며, 특히, 기존의 Batch식에서 매엽식으로 세정 방식이 전환은 새로운 개념의 메가소닉 기술 개발을 요구하게 되었다. 메가소닉을 사용한습식 세정공정은 메가소닉에 의한 캐비테이션 효과 (Cavitation Effect)에 따른 충격파 및음압 (Acoustic Streaming)에 의한 입자제거를 주요 메커니즘으로 한다. 메가소닉 주파수와 Boundary Layer 두께는, $\delta=\surd(2v/\omega)$($\delta$=두께, v=유체속도), $\omega=2{\pi}f$ (f=주파수), 으로 표현할 수 있다. 위의 식에 따르면, 메가소닉을 이용한 세정공정에서 주파수가 높아질수록 Boundary Layer의 두께가 감소하며, 이는제거 가능한 입자의 크기가 작아짐을 의미하며, 다시말해, 1 MHz 보다 2 MHz 메가소닉 세정장비에서 미세 입자 세정에 유리함을 예상할 수 있다. 본연구에서는 매엽식 세정장비를 사용하여, 1MHz 및 2MHz 콘-타입 (Cone-Type) 메가소닉 장치를 100nm이하 세정 입자에 대한 입자 제거효율을 평가하였다. 입자 제거 효율을 평가하기 위하여, 표준 형광입자(63nm/104nm 형광입자, Duke Scientifics, USA)를각각 IPA에 분산시킨 후, 실리콘 쿠폰 웨이퍼 ($20mm{\times}20mm$)를 일정시간 동안 Dipping 한 후, 고순도 질소로 건조시켜 오염하였다. 매엽식 세정장비(Aaron, Korea)에 1MHz와 2MHz의 콘-타입메가소닉 발진기 (Durasonic, Korea)를 각각 장착하였다.입자 오염 및 세정 후 입자 개수 측정 및 오염입자의 Mapping은 형광현미경 (LV100D, Nikon, Japan)과 소프트웨어(Image-proPlus, MediaCybernetics, USA)를 사용하여 평가하였으며, Hydrophone을 사용하여 메가소닉에서 발생되는 음압의 균일도를 각 조건에서 측정하였다. 각각의 세정공정은 1MHz와 2MHz 메가소닉 발진기 각각에서 1W, 3W, 5W 파워로 1분간 처리하였으며, 매질을 초순수를 사용하였다. 104nm 형광 입자는 1MHz 와 2 MHz 메가소닉 세정기와 모든 세정 공정조건에서 약 99%의 세정효율인 반면, 63nm 형광입자의 경우는 전체적인세정 결과가 80% 대로 감소하였다. 본 연구를 통하여, 입자크기의 미세화에 따른 입자제거효율이 크게 감소 하는 것을 확인할 수 있으며, 기존 Batch식 메가소닉 대비 단시간 및 낮은 전압에서 동일 혹은높은 세정 효율을 얻었다. 다만, 1MHz와 2MHz 메가소닉에서의 세정력은 큰 차이를 관찰 할 수 없었는데, 주파수변화에 따른 세정효율 측정을 위하여 미세 입자를 사용한 추가 실험이 필요 할 것이다.

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Effects of Shiryung-tang Extract on the Liver Injury induced by Ethanol in Rats (시령탕(柴苓湯)이 에탄올 투여로 유발된 흰쥐의 간손상에 미치는 방어효과)

  • Kim, Bum Hoi;Choi, Yung Hyun
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.27 no.5
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    • pp.611-616
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    • 2013
  • Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Although much progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of ALD, there remains no effective therapy for it. Accumulated evidence indicates that oxidative stress is the main pathological factors in the development of ALD. Ethanol administration causes accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide. ROS, in turn, cause lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes, and protein and DNA oxidation, which results in hepatocyte injury. In addition to pro-oxidants formation, antioxidants depletion caused by ethanol administration also results in oxidative stress. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Shiryung-tang extract on the chronic alcoholic liver injury induced by EtOH. Male Sprague Dawley rats were used in this study. All rats were maintained under standard laboratory conditions ($23{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, 12h light/12h dark cycles). All animals (n=30) were randomly divided into following groups: (1) Normal group, treated with distilled water (n=10); (2) Control group, treated with ethanol (n=10); (3) Sample group, treated with ethanol + pharmacopuncture (n=10). For oral administration of ethanol in Control and Sample group, the ethanol was dissolved in distilled water in concentrations of 25%(v/v). Throughout the experiment of 8 week, the rats were allowed free access to water and standard chow. Sample group were administrated by Shiryung-tang extract daily for 8 weeks. Control group were given normal saline for same weeks. As a results, the oral administration of ethanol for 8 weeks leads to hepatotoxicity. The levels of hepatic marker such as HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were altered. The ethanol also increased lipid peroxidation and depletion of antioxidant enzyme activities as well as hepatic tissue injury. However, the treatment of Shiryung-tang extract prevented all the alterations induced by ethanol and returned their levels to near normal. These data suggest that Shiryung-tang extract could have a beneficial effect in inhibiting the oxidative damage induced by chronic ethanol administration. Therefore, Shiryung-tang extract can be a candidate to protect against EtOH-induced liver injury.