• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.43
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• pp.201-238
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to describe the contents and issues of the draft legislation of Part VI the Carriage by Air of Korean Commercial Code in respect of the domestic carriage of cargo by air, comparing to the related provisions of the Montreal Convention of 1999 for the unification of certain rules for international carriage by air and the related provisions of Korean Commercial Code in respect of the carriage by land and sea. The Montreal Convention in respect of the international carriage by air was adopted in 1999, and Korea has ratified the Montreal Convention in 2007. However, there is now no national legislation in respect of the carriage by air in Korea. Thus, the Ministry of Justice has prepared the draft legislation of Part VI the Carriage by Air of the Korean Commercial Code in July 2008, and the draft legislation is now being reviewed by the National Assembly. The draft provisions of Part VI the Carriage by Air are basically adopting most of the related provisions of the Montreal Convention in respect of the carriage of cargo by air and some draft provisions are applying the related provisions of the Korean Commercial Code in respect of the carriage of cargo by land and sea. In respect of the carriage of cargo by air, the contents of the draft legislation of Part VI the Carriage by Air are composed of the provisions in respect of the liability of the carrier, the rights of the consignor and consignee, the transport document and others. In respect of the carriage of cargo by air, the issues on the draft legislation of Part VI the Carriage by Air are the problems with respect to the extinguishment of the liability of the carrier, the application for the non-contractual claim, the liability limit of the servants or agents of the carrier, the right of disposition of cargo, the effect of breach of the provision in respect of the air transport document, the prescription of claim of the carrier, the immunity reasons from liability of the carrier for the loss or damage of the cargo, the making out of the air waybill, and the effect of the statement of the air transport document. In conclusion, the national legislation of Part VI the Carriage by Air of the Korean Commercial Code will protect the right and interest of the consignor and consignee, and clarify the right and duty of the parties to the air transport. Also it will contribute to the development of the air transport industry in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of cimetidine on theophylline pharmacokinetics in Korean healthy normal subjects. Eight subjects were enrolled and open label, two period cross-over study was conducted without significant drug related adverse reactions. Cimetidine seemed that significantly inhibited the metabolism of theophylline, oral clearance decreased significantly when cimetidine was coadministered. Coadministered cimetidine increased $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ of theophylline. All subjects were genotyped using PCR-RFLP methods to evaluate the differences in metabolic capacity in accordance with CYP1A2 genotypes, but no mutant genotype was found. This suggests that metabolic capacities were not significantly affected by CYP1A2 genotypes among subjects. In conclusion, disposition of theophylline was significantly affected by coadministered cimetidine. Further evaluation with well-designed drug interaction study in accordance with various genotype of CYP1A2 is needed.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.11-29
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• 2008

Objective : The aim of this study was to analyse the latest trend of medical science articles about Bojungikki-Tang published in Japan. Methods : We searched medical science articles published from 2003 to 2008 in Japan on the web site, CiNii and then these articles were reviewed and classified according to experimental subject and method. Results : Fifty-two articles, related to Bojungikki-Tang were searched and these were classified into three classes, pharmacological signaling studies, clinical case studies and the others. As a result of classification, clinical case studies were most abundant by 38 cases, pharmacological signaling studies were 10 and the others were 4. This result suggested that the study of Bojungikki-Tang was mainly focused on clinical study rather than experimental study. Among the clinical case studies, clinical studies related to immune disease took the most greatest number and number of other clinical studies were evenly distributed over the various disease. Immune intensification effect of Bojungikki-Tang can be thought continuous with reinforce the middle Jiao Qi in company with improvement effect on growth hormone failure and male infertility. A fact that the one prescription, Bojungikki-Tang could be used to treat various diseases reflects a viewpoint of Oriental medicine that is based on the respect for and understanding of individual constitution and disposition while paying attention to the gender difference and individuality. The clinical usefulness of Bojungikki-Tang on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and visceroptosis concerns with ascend Yang and treat Qi sinking. Pharmacological signaling studies were mainly focused on diseases that were treated Bojungikki-Tang in clinic, however, there was one study that experimented on changes of numerous gene expression according to the treatment of Bojungikki-Tang using DNA array. Conclusion : The therapeutic system of Oriental medicine is different in various aspects form that of Western medicine and appropriate harmonization of east and west is expected to improve the quality of medical care. In this regard, continuous investigation and analysis about herbal medical science papers in Japan can also be useful to make progress in Korean traditional medicine.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.393-400
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• 2022

In a situation where the company handles accounting conservatively, the management's earnings forecasting information will be more conservative, and the conservativeness of this earnings forecasting information will have a differential effect in evaluating the performance of managers and paying compensation. This study aims to examine how the level of corporate accounting conservatism affects the forecast information of managers and how this affects the compensation of managers. This study establishes a hypothesis on the effect of the level of accounting conservatism on the earnings forecasting information and compensation of managers, and examines the relationship between managerial profit forecasting information & manager compensation according of conservatism in corporate accounting that can vary depending on the manager's disposition. As a result of the analysis, conservative managers are also conservative in earnings forecasting disclosure, and when corporate managers are highly conservative, they show their ability by making earnings forecasts disclosures more frequently and more accurately than corporate managers with low conservatism. It will help reduce the forecasting errors of stakeholders. Therefore, it is expected that this will play an important role in judging the manager's ability and determining compensation. Therefore, when a company handles accounting conservatively, management's earnings forecasts are also measured conservatively, which is expected to provide useful information on the basis and form of management's compensation to stakeholders.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.79-89
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of engineering design-based ocean cleanup classes on STEAM attitudes and creative engineering problem-solving dispositions. Furthermore, during this process, we tried to determine interesting points that students encountered in engineering design-based classes. For this study, a science class with six lessons based on engineering design was developed and reviewed by a professor who majored in engineering design, along with five engineering design experts with a master's degree or higher. The subject of the class was selected as the design and implementation of scientific and engineering measures to reduce marine pollution based on the method implemented in an actual Ocean Clean-up Project. The engineering design process utilized the engineering design model presented by NGSS (2013), and was configured to experience redesign through the optimization process. To verify effectiveness, the STEAM attitude questionnaire developed by Park et al. (2019) and the creative engineering problemsolving propensity test tool developed by Kang and Nam (2016) were used. A pre and post t-test was used for statistical analysis for the effectiveness test. In addition, the contents of interesting points experienced by the learners were transcribed after receiving descriptive responses, and were analyzed and visualized through degree centrality analysis. Results confirmed that engineering design in science classes had a positive effect on both STEAM attitude and creative engineering problem-solving disposition (p< .05). In addition, as a result of unstructured data analysis, science and engineering knowledge, engineering experience, and cooperation and collaboration appeared as factors in which learners were interested in learning, confirming that engineering experience was the main factor.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.89-114
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• 2009

BizCool is an entry-level business education program implemented with a purpose of enhancing the entrepreneurial disposition and capability of the youth through enterprise commencement education of vocational high school students and developing them into economic pillars of future to alleviate the labor shortage crisis of small and medium enterprises and revitalize enterprise commencement. In this study, the factors were deduced and a path analysis was conducted with the purpose of proposing a revitalization plan through an effectiveness analysis of enterprise commencement education for the youth. The result of the analysis revealed that BizCool has effects on the knowledge and understanding of enterprise commencement, and enterprise commencement knowledge also has effects on the understanding of enterprise commencement. In addition, it was found that the enterprise commencement knowledge and the understanding on enterprise commencement have effects on the intention of enterprise commence. In the result of verifying the hypothesis that the understanding of enterprise commencement according to the psychological characteristics of individuals will have a positive effect on the enterprise commencement intention, it was revealed that the risk resignation disposition and patience for ambiguity are having effects but accomplishment desire is not playing a moderating variable role. Through the above path analysis, a conclusion was obtained that the enterprise commencement education has effects on the outcome of enterprise commencement education through the understanding on enterprise commencement. Additionally, the nation needs to actively lead systematic enterprise commencement education within the policy of job creation upon realizing the need for enterprise commencement education of vocational high school, and a revitalization plan was proposed on the five kinds of a conversion of social perception on vocational high school, establishment of institutes specializing in BizCool and cultivation of BizCool specialists, development of various materials and expansion of BizCool program, field-centered lessons, revitalization of enterprise commencement club and personnel and resource support by companies.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.67-92
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to research the requirements and effect of the document of carriage in respect of the carriage of cargo by air under the Montreal Convention of 1999, IATA Conditions of Carriage for Cargo, and the judicial precedents of Korea and foreign countries. Under the Article 4 of Montreal Convention, in respect of the carriage of cargo, an air waybill shall be delivered. If any other means which preserves a record of the carriage are used, the carrier shall, if so requested by the consignor, deliver to the consignor a cargo receipt. Under the Article 7 of Montreal convention, the air waybill shall be made out by the consignor. If, at the request of the consignor, the carrier makes it out, the carrier shall be deemed to have done so on behalf of the consignor. The air waybill shall be made out in three original parts. The first part shall be marked "for the carrier", and shall be signed by the consignor. The second part shall be marked "for the consignee", and shall be signed by the consignor and by the carrier. The third part shall be signed by the carrier who shall hand it to the consignor after the goods have been accepted. Under the Article 5 of Montreal Convention, the air waybill or the cargo receipt shall include (a) an indication of the places of departure and destination, (b) an indication of at least one agreed stopping place, (c) an indication of the weight of the consignment. Under the Article 10 of Montreal Convention, the consignor shall indemnify the carrier against all damages suffered by the carrier or any other person to whom the carrier is liable, by reason of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the particulars and statement furnished by the consignor or on its behalf. Under the Article 9 of Montreal Convention, non-compliance with the Article 4 to 8 of Montreal Convention shall not affect the existence of the validity of the contract, which shall be subject to the rules of Montreal Convention including those relating to limitation of liability. The air waybill is not a document of title or negotiable instrument. Under the Article 11 of Montreal Convention, the air waybill or cargo receipt is prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the contract, of the acceptance of the cargo and of the conditions of carriage. Under the Article 12 of Montreal Convention, if the carrier carries out the instructions of the consignor for the disposition of the cargo without requiring the production of the part of the air waybill or the cargo receipt, the carrier will be liable, for any damage which may be accused thereby to any person who is lawfully in possession of that part of the air waybill or the cargo receipt. According to the precedent of Korea Supreme Court sentenced on 22 July 2004, the freight forwarder as carrier was not liable for the illegal delivery of cargo to the notify party (actual importer) on the air waybill by the operator of the bonded warehouse because the freighter did not designate the boned warehouse and did not hold the position of employer to the operator of the bonded warehouse. In conclusion, as the Korea Customs Authorities will drive the e-Freight project for the carriage of cargo by air, the carrier and freight forwarder should pay attention to the requirements and legal effect of the electronic documentation of the carriage of cargo by air.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.151-166
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• 2004

Background: Spirituality has been an important part of Transpersonal Psychology and is believed to have a large effect on the mental health because it has been systematized. The aim of this study was to determine the level of spiritual disposition on human beings along with its effects on one's mental health. Materials and Methods: The study targeted 400 women residing in Youn-Gil city of JiLin Prov., which is a district of the Cho-Sun tribe in China. Their spiritual well-being was studied using the Spiritual Well-being Scale-Korean Version. The spiritual well-being scale consists of 2 sub-scales of religious well-being and existential well-being. The study was evaluated using a lie scale, psychotic trend, and a combined anxiety-depression scale. The results were considered to be factors of one's mental health. The correlation between the spiritual well-being and each tendency was analyzed by regression analysis. Results: The total score of the Cho-Sun tribal women according to the spiritual well-being scale was 68.29 which was much less than the 100.65 of Korean Christian women. There was no significant correlation between the spiritual well-being and the Lie trend. However, it was found that 86%(344) of Cho-Sun tribal women scored above 70 in the Lie trend with a mean score of 74.57 which is higher than normal populations. Regarding the correlation between the spiritual well-being and psychotic trend, the psychotic trend became significantly higher when the religious well-being was at a high level. On the other hand, the psychotic trend became significantly lower when the existential well-being was at a high level. Regarding the correlation between the spiritual well-being and anxiety, the anxiety was significantly higher when the religious well-being was at a high level. However, the anxiety level was significantly low when the existential well-being was at a high level. Regarding the correlation between the spiritual well-being and depression, the depression level was somewhat significantly high when the religious well-being was at a high level. However, the depression level was significantly low when the existential well-being was at a high level. Conclusion: This study evaluated the effects of spiritual well-being on a person's mental health among Cho-Sun tribal women in Youn-Gil city of JiLIn Prov., P.R. of China. The results found that the religious well-being, which is a sub-scale of spiritual well-being, had negative effects while the existential well-being had positive effects on the mental health. These results proved that a person's religious disposition had negative effects on their mental health in a communitarian society.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 2011

On 1 July 2000, as the over-65 year-old population numbered 3,371,000 and accounted for over 7.1% of Korea's total population, an aging society was revealed. The over-65 percentage climbed to 11.0% by late 2010. A truly aged society is expected soon, by 2019. This aging society requires marketing research concerning the consumer behaviour and well-being of the elderly, because the 'silver generation' is emerging as a large part of the consumer market. The purpose of this study is to empirically analyse one effect among several satisfaction factors in the consuming cycle of various health functional products on consumer's well-being and the effect of product knowledge on the relationship between product satisfaction and well-being. To achieve this purpose, we established a research model after reviewing previous studies on product satisfaction, product knowledge, and consumer's well-being. The following hypotheses were developed from the research model. Hypothesis 1: When elderly consumers' satisfaction with health functional products increases, their well-being will increase. Hypothesis 2: The effect of their satisfaction with health functional products on their well-being will be strengthened according to the level of their knowledge of the products. Those hypotheses were tested by multiple and moderated regressions to the empirical data through a questionnaire survey. As a result, Hypothesis 1 was totally adopted, and Hypothesis 2 was only partially adopted. The study has many practical implications for well-being marketing. First, in order to heighten the elderly consumer's well-being, the level of his or her satisfaction with the health functional products has to be raised in every stage: during the acquisition, preparation, use, maintenance, and disposition of the consumption cycle. Moreover, promoting positive emotional experiences while diminishing negative ones requires effort because a consumer's well-being is made up of various needs. Second, the marketing of health functional products should be invigorated in order to raise the level of elderly consumers' knowledge of them. In other words, it is important to give them an expertise in the health functional products through different channels. A statistical analysis showed, however, that their knowledge has a decisive effect on only two satisfaction stages, preparation and maintenance. Nevertheless, this merely confirmed the intuitive assumption that the knowledge of health functional products is most relevant to their preparation and maintenance. In conclusion, this study is timely because few empirical studies exist on the relationships between silver consumer behaviour and well-being marketing. It contributes to our understanding of this subject by revealing the causality between the silver consumer's satisfaction and his or her well-being in the consumption cycle and by discovering the moderating influence of knowledge in that process.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.195-217
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• 2018

Inaction inertia effect refers to the phenomenon wherein people who missed attractive opportunities in the past do not take any action when they are given the opportunity to receive discounts (sale). The main objective of this study was to find out how such inaction inertia effect influenced the expected regret from the action, expected regret from inaction, and purchase intention depending on the two types of consumption purposes-for pleasure and for practical use. As the personal disposition of each consumer differs from one another, it was expected that habitual purchase behavior and maximization behavior would influence the inaction inertia. An experiment was thus conducted by using a scenario to satisfy the objective of this study. Results showed that in the case of consumers whose consumption purpose was for pleasure, those who habitually purchased the same brand showed a higher level of expected regret from the action and expected regret from inaction. In the case of maximization behavior, no differences were found in the expected regret from the action between practical consumption purpose and pleasurable consumption purpose. On the other hand, differences were found in the level of expected regret from inaction, which is the case wherein consumers who missed their first opportunity to receive discounts (sale) did not make any purchase on their second opportunity for discounts (sale). Thus, inaction inertia was shown in accordance with habitual purchase behavior in the case of consumption purpose for pleasure, but it was not clearly shown in the case of consumption for practical use. This is because there is a relatively low level of justification on consumption, in the case of consumption for practical use. On the other hand, it was found that consumers with maximization behavior felt a stronger sense of regret in the case of their expected regret for inaction in consumption for practical use than in consumption for pleasure. Also, with regard to purchase intention, it turned out that only consumers with pleasurable consumption purpose had purchase intentions. Through these study results, it would be necessary to consider the consumption purpose behind the purchase of products or services, with regard to inaction inertia, depending on personal dispositions. In accordance with these study results, several theoretical and practical implications were discussed.