• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.568-586
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• 1995

542 periodontal patients having early-onset periodontitis(EOP) have been reclassified into a more homogeneous phenotypic subsets by newly revised radiographic criteria. Representative patients of each EOP subform have been examined of serum IgG subclass antibodies against periodontopathic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg) 381 and of genetic markers for IgG allotypes to clarify the relationship between these parameters and phenotype expression of each subform. The early onset periodontitis could be reclassified by the radiographic parameters combining the mean interproximal alveolar bone loss(BL) and the radiographic ratio(between 1st molars and the adjacent teeth: Ratio) with statistical significance(p<0.001 by MANOVA). Moreover these EOP subforms could clearly be delineated from adult periodontitis. Of subform I and II(localized type EOP) patients with minimal mean bone loss(BL<5.0), patients demonstrating disease activities in localized areas(Ratio.>1.5) showed the elevated responses in all the IgG subclasses against Pg compared with those of patients without disease activity(Ratio <1.5). There were gradual increase in the IgG2 and IgG4 titers against Pg as the disease developed into the generalized forms suggesting the possible role of these antibodies in modulating the phenotype expression. The genetic marker study for IgG allotype revealed that mean IgG2 and IgG4 subclass titers were significantly higher(p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively) in patients who were positive for G2m(n). This indicated that IgG subclass responsiveness against the bacterial antigens are under the immnuogenetic control. The observed frequencies of G2m(n) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in subfrom IV patients who had the characteristic features of classical rapidly progressing periodontitis indicating the possible genetic predisposition in these patients.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.251-264
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• 1999

본 연구는 조기발병형 치주염의 서로 다른 4가지 표현형에 있어서 Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg) 381과 Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans(Aa) Y4에 대한 상승된 IgG subclass의 양상을 평가하기 위해 시행하였다. Subform I(distinctive localized juvenile periodontitis pattern)에서 3명 subform II(post juvenile periodontitis pattern)에서 19명, subform III (localized but rapidly progressing pattern)에서 15명, subform IV(distinctive rapidly progressing periodontitis pattern)에서 15명의 환자를 조사하여 Pg에 대한 그들의 total IgG level과 각각의 IgG subclass level 및 Aa에 대한 IgG level을 검사했다. Pg에 대한 total IgG level은 subform II와 IV보다 subform I과 III에서 훨씬 높게 나타났다. IgG3 level이 subform I과 IV사이에서 현저한 차이가 있다는 점을 제외하고는, 다른 IgG subclass level에서 subform 사이에 아무런 차이가 없었다. Pg에 대한 IgG subclass는 single class 혹은 다양한 group에서 상승되어 나타났으며, IgG1+2+4가 가장 흔하게 발견되었고, 다음으로 IgG4 단독, IgG2 단독, IgG2+4, IgG2+3+4의 순으로 발견되었다. IgG2와 IgG4가 빈번히 상승되어 발견되었는데, 특히 severe form(subform III & IV)에서 그러했다. 뿐만 아니라, IgG level은 subform II, III, IV와 일치하여 점차적으로 증가하였고, 반면에 IgG1/IgG4 ratio는 그와 일치하여 감소되었다. 이러한 ratio의 감소는 단백질성의 오래된 항원의 과부하로 인해 immunoglobulin gene의 전환을 가능하게 한다는 것을 나타내고 있다. Aa에 대한 IgG2 level은 다른 유형보다 subform I에서 상당히 높았다. Pg에 대한 IgG2 levels이 subform I의 국소 부위에서 발생하는 disease activity와 밀접한 관련이 있으며, Aa의 경우에는 이러한 관련성이 나타나지 않았다. Pg에 대한 IgG2 level은 18-25세에서 훨씬 높은 동시에 26-35세에서는 감소했으며 결국 30대 후반에서는 더 높은 수치로 되돌아갔다. 이러한 결과는 Pg에 대한 IgG2 및 IgG responsiveness (single 혹은 combined)가 EOP의 severe form의 발달에 중요하게 작용하며 IgG2 levels은 IgG1/IgG4 ratio와 더불어 EOP의 localized type이 generalized type으로 계속 진행하는 것을 조절하는 역할을 하는 것으로 보인다는 것을 강하게 시사하였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.655-664
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• 1999

본 논문은 조기발병형 치주염에 이환된 환자의 immunoglobulin allotype markers(Gm)에 대한 연구를 한 것이다. 원래 이전의 논문에서 Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg)에 대한 항체 역가를 측정하기위해 선택되었던 환자로 이는 subform I(distinctive localized juvenile periodontitis(LIP) pattern)으로부터 3명, subtype II(post-LJP pattern)으로부터 19명, subform III(localized but rapidly progressing pattern)으로부터 15명 그리고 subform Ⅳ(distinctive rapidly pregressing periodontitis(RPP)으로부터 24명을 추출하여 구성하였고, 각각 인종과 나이에 맞게 50명의 대조군을 구성했다. Gm type은 hemagglutination inhibition assay; b0b1b3b5, G3m(s), G3m(t)를 포함한 G1m(a), G1m(x), G1m(f), G2m(n), G3m(g), G3m(b)로 확인했었다. 관찰되어진 Gm haplotypes의 도수는 각각의 EOP subform에 따라 계산되었고 Gm phenotype은 각 환자에서 발견된 증가된 IgG subclass responses의 다양성에 따라 구분했다. 환자들 중에서 관찰된 9개의 Gm phenotype 은 4개의 Gm haplotype으로 나타났다. subform Ⅳ에서 관찰되어진 모든 4개의 Gm haplotype의 도수는 대조군과 유의성있는 차이가 났다. 특히 haplotype afnb(Gm(n))의 그것이 유의성있게 높았다. 더욱이 G2m(n)은 IgG4와 IgG1의 level뿐만 아니라 IgG2 level의 증가와 밀접한 관련이 있었다. Gm phenotype을 검사 할 때 IgG1+2와 IgG1+2+4모두에서 antibody level이 증가한 모든 환자가 일관되게 Gm phenotype agfnb나 axfnb를 가졌다. 결론적으로, IgG subclass response는 개인의 immunogenetic marker에 의해 조절되었고 genetic predisposition의 가능성은 EOP subform IV환자에서 관찰할 수 있었다. 더욱이 G2m(n)과 Gm phenotype agfnb나 axfnb 모두 IgG1+2 나 IgG1+2+4 antibody의 증가와 밀접한 관련이 있었다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 1999

Purpose : Present study was undertaken to find out significance of clinical presentation, initial laboratory data and renal biopsy findings on subsequent clinical course of IgA nephropathy in children. Methods : Clinical and laboratory data were analysed retrospectively from 60 children who have been admitted to the Pediatric Department of Kyungpook National University Hospital for the past 11 years and diagnosed as IgA nephropathy. Renal biopsy findings were graded according to the pathologic subclass proposed by Haas. Results : Pathologic grading according to Haas subclassification showed 10 cases in subclass I, 36 in II, 12 in IV and 2 in V and none in subclass II. Sex distribution showed male predominance (male to female ratio = 3 : 1) and mean age at onset of disease was $10.4{\pm}2.8$ years. Episodes of gross hematuria was seen in 71.7% and IgA level increased in 28.3% of children and these were not associated with pathologic grading nor clinical outcomes. With increasing subclass grading, serum protein and albumin decreased and 24 hours urinary protein excretion increased. Normalization of urinalysis (disappearance of hematuria) was seen in 14% at 1-2 years and 37.1% at 3-4 years of follow up period. In 3 cases, renal function deteriorated progressively and they belonged one each to the Haas subclass III, IV and V. Conclusion : In children with IgA nephropathy, progression to chronic renal failure appears to be quite high and pathologic grading according to Haas' subclassification seems to predict patient's outcome faily well. However, firm conclusion cannot be drawn from present study due to the small numbers of patients and short follow-up period. Therefore further multicenter study involving larger numbers of patients and longer periods of follow-up over 10 years was to be undertaken.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.130-137
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• 2007

A disease resistance related gene, MbR7, was identified in the wild apple species, Malus baccata. The MbR7 gene has a single open reading frame (ORF) of 3,288 nucleotides potentially encoding a 1,095-amino acid protein. Its deduced amino acid sequence resembles the N protein of tobacco and the NL27 gene of potato and has several motifs characteristic of a TIR-NBS-LRR R gene subclass. Ectopic expression of MbR7 in Arabidopsis enhanced the resistance against a virulent pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Microarray analysis confirmed the induction of defense-related gene expression in 35S::MbR7 heterologous Arabidopsis plants, indicating that the MbR7 gene likely activates a downstream resistance pathway without interaction with pathogens. Our results suggest that MbR7 can be a potential target gene in developing a new disease-resistant apple variety.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2002

Since 1993, the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) disease occurred in China among cultured shrimps resulting in mass mortality. Epizootiological surveys undertaken during the outbreak period of 1993-1994 indicated that all stages of Penaeus chinensis, P. japonicus and P. monodon were infected. Consequent to the transport of contaminated shrimp seedlings and seawater, the disease spread all over the farms of China. The disease was more rapidly transmitted at temperatures above $25^{\circ}C$. Challenge experiments showed the causative agent was highly virulent. White spots appeared on the carapace of both span-taneous and experimentally infected shrimps. Moribund shrimps contained turbid hemolymph, hypertrophied Iymphoid organ and a necrotic mid-gut gland. Electron microscopy showed the presence of viral particles in the gills, stomach, lymphoid organ, and epidermal tissue of the infected shrimp. The visions were slightly ovoid with an envelope and averaged 350 $\times$ 150 nm; nucleocapsids measured 375 $\times$ 157 nm. With discontinuous sucrose gradient of 35, 50 and 60% (w/v), the virus was separated from hemolymph of the infected shrimp. The estimated molecular weight of genomic DNA was 237 Kb with EcoR I, 247 Kb with Hind III and 241kb with Pst I. A total of 9 hybridoma colones secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced from mouse myeloma and spleen cells immunized with WSSV. The immunofluorescence assay of gill tissue showed that the MAbs reacted with diseased but not with healthy shrimp. The MAbs belonged to IgGl, IgG2b subclass and IgM class, all with kappa light Immune-electron-microscopy with colloidal gold marker showed the presence of 5 MAbs epitopes on the envelope and one on the capsid of the virus. Baculoviral mid-gut gland necrosis showed the specificity of the MAbs produced. For diagnosis 5 different methods were selected. Using Kimura primers for PCR, or MAbs for immunoblot, ELISA or FAT method, in situ hybridization was carried out to show the gene. All these methods detected WSSV in the organ samples of the diseased shrimp but not in healthy one.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.698-714
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• 2023

In recent years, artificial intelligence, especially object detection-based deep learning in computer vision, has made significant advancements, driven by the development of computing power and the widespread use of graphic processor units. Object detection-based deep learning techniques have been applied in various fields, including the medical imaging domain, where remarkable achievements have been reported in disease detection. However, the application of deep learning does not always guarantee satisfactory performance, and researchers have been employing trial-and-error to identify the factors contributing to performance degradation and enhance their models. Moreover, due to the black-box problem, the intermediate processes of a deep learning network cannot be comprehended by humans; as a result, identifying problems in a deep learning model that exhibits poor performance can be challenging. This article highlights potential issues that may cause performance degradation at each deep learning step in the medical imaging domain and discusses factors that must be considered to improve the performance of deep learning models. Researchers who wish to begin deep learning research can reduce the required amount of trial-and-error by understanding the issues discussed in this study.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.830-836
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• 2005

Application of microarray technologies which monitor simultaneously the expression pattern of thousands of individual genes in different biological systems results in a tremendous increase of the amount of available gene expression data and have provided new insights into gene expression during drug development, within disease processes, and across species. There is a great need of data mining methods allowing straightforward interpretation, visualization and analysis of the relevant information contained in gene expression profiles. Specially, classifying biological samples into known classes or phenotypes is an important practical application for microarray gene expression profiles. Gene expression profiles obtained from tissue samples of patients thus allowcancer classification. In this research, molecular classification of microarray gene expression data is applied for multi-class cancer using computational biology such gene selection, principal component analysis and fuzzy clustering. The proposed method was applied to microarray data from leukemia patients; specifically, it was used to interpret the gene expression pattern and analyze the leukemia subtype whose expression profiles correlated with four cases of acute leukemia gene expression. A basic understanding of the microarray data analysis is also introduced.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2005

Economic animal husbandry workers exposed to organic dust can be suffered from immunologic disorders. Our study was to determine immunological parameters related with occurrence of respiratory allergic diseases to animal husbandry workers in Korea for the first time. Peripheral blood were obtained from twenty-five pig barn workers, forty-nine chicken farming workers and fifty-one non-agricultural control workers. Significantly upregulated plasma IgE level was observed with pig-barn workers than that of chicken farming workers or healthy community control subjects. Furthermore, level of histamine, a hallmark of allergy induction, was upregulated in the pig and chicken farming workers in comparison with that of the control subjects. Downregulation of $IFN_\gamma$ and $TNF_{\alpha}$ production from T cells was apparent in the animal husbandry workers compared with the control subjects. Meanwhile, T cells collected from the pig barn workers demonstrated significantly higher production of IL-4 and IL-10 than the other groups. There were also alterations in IgG subclass distribution. In conclusion, immunological modulation probably leading to occupational allergic diseases can be occurred in the economic animal husbandry workers and the pig barn workers could be the most risky group to the work-related allergic disease.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 2018

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is characterized by increased susceptibility to chronic and recurrent infections of the skin, mucous membranes, and nails by Candida species. It is a primary immunodeficiency disorder that is difficult to diagnose because of its heterogeneous clinical manifestations and genetic background. A 20-month-old boy who did not grow in height for 3 months was diagnosed as having hypothyroidism and he had hepatitis which was found at 5 years old. He presented with persistent oral thrush and vesicles on the body, the cause of which could not be identified from laboratory findings. No microorganism was detected in the throat culture; however, the oral thrush persisted. Immunological tests showed that immunoglobulin (Ig) subclass IgG and cluster of differentiation (CD)3, CD4, and CD8 levels were within normal limits. We prescribed oral levothyroxine and fluconazole mouth rinse. The patient was examined using diagnostic exome sequencing at the age of 6 years, and a c.1162A>G (p.K388E) STAT1 gene mutation was identified. A diagnosis of CMC based on the STAT1 gene mutation was, thus, made. At the age of 8 years, the boy developed a malar-like rash on his face. We conducted tests for detection of antinuclear antibodies and anti-dsDNA antibodies, which showed positive results; therefore, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was also suspected. Whole exome sequencing is important to diagnose rare diseases in children. A STAT1 gene mutation should be suspected in patients with chronic fungal infections with a thyroid disease and/or SLE.