• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.443-462
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• 2015

Some model building codes stipulate that the design displacement of a building can be computed using the elastic static analysis results multiplied by the deflection amplification factor, $C_d$. This approach for estimating the design displacement is essential and appealing in structural engineering practice when nonlinear response history analysis (NRHA) is not required. Furthermore, building codes stipulate the consideration of accidental torsion effects using accidental eccentricity, whether the buildings are symmetric-plan, or asymmetric-plan. In some model building codes, the accidental eccentricity is further amplified by the torsional amplification factor $A_x$ in order to minimize the discrepancy between statically and dynamically estimated responses. Therefore, this warrants exploration of the reliability of statically estimated design displacements in accordance with the building code requirements. This study uses the discrepancy curves as a way of assessing the reliability of the design displacement estimates resulting from the factors $C_d$ and $A_x$. The discrepancy curves show the exceedance probabilities of the differences between the statically estimated design displacements and NRHA results. The discrepancy curves of 3-story, 9-story, and 20-story example buildings are investigated in this study. The example buildings are steel special moment frames with frequency ratios equal to 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, and 1.6, as well as existing eccentricity ratios ranging from 0% to 30%.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.267-273
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• 2018

Purpose: Leg length discrepancy (LLD) is one of the risk factors for postural imbalance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of induced leg length discrepancy on the limitation of stability (LOS) and static postural balance. Methods: Thirteen adults (males, 7; females 6) participated in this study. The LOS and static postural balance [sway length, sway area, and sway velocity of center of gravity (COG) displacement] were measured by the balance trainer system. The subjects were asked to move the COG for the anterior, posterior, and left and right directions maximally and to keep standing on the platform with and without induced LLD for 30 s in the open and closed eyes conditions, respectively. The LLD was artificially induced to 2 cm using insole. Wilcoxon test was used to compare the LOS and the static postural balance between with and without induced LLD. Results: The anterior and posterior LOS significantly decreased in induced LLD (p<0.05), and the left and right LOS were not significantly different between with and without LLD (p>0.05). Sway length, sway area, and sway velocity of the COG displacement significantly decreased in induced LLD (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that induced LLD could decease the antero-posterior LOS and increased the static postural balance. Therefore, the LLD could disturb the postural balance.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2011

In 2001, the notion of a fuzzy poset defined on a set X via a triplet (L, G, I) of functions with domain X ${\times}$ X and range [0, 1] satisfying a special condition L+G+I = 1 is introduced by J. Negger and Hee Sik Kim, where L is the 'less than' function, G is the 'greater than' function, and I is the 'incomparable to' function. Using this approach, we are able to define a special class of fuzzy posets, and define the 'skeleton' of a fuzzy poset in view of major relation. In this sense, we define the linear discrepancy of a fuzzy poset of size n as the minimum value of all maximum of I(x, y)${\mid}$f(x)-f(y)${\mid}$ for f ${\in}$ F and x, y ${\in}$ X with I(x, y) > $\frac{1}{2}$, where F is the set of all injective order-preserving maps from the fuzzy poset to the set of positive integers. We first show that the definition is well-defined. Then, it is shown that the optimality appears at the same injective order-preserving maps in both cases of a fuzzy poset and its skeleton if the linear discrepancy of a skeleton of a fuzzy poset is 1.

• 대한골관절종양학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

악성 골종양의 치료의 주된 목적은 장기 생존기간을 연장 및 삶의 질적 개선이나, 소아의 경우 골격 성장이 지속되어 종양 치료 후 성장 완료 시 나타나는 하지 부동(leg length discrepancy)이 치료에 있어 중요한 문제 중 하나이다. 성장기 소아의 하지 부동을 치료하기 위해서는 먼저 소아의 정상적인 성장에 대한 정확한 이해가 필요하며, 성장 과정에서의 하지 부동의 정도를 예측하는 것은 이에 대한 수술적 치료의 시기 및 방법의 선택에 있어 필수적이다. 또한 이러한 성장 예측 방법들을 적절히 사용하기 위해서는 지속적인 추시 관찰이 필수적이므로 환아의 부모와의 긴밀한 협조 또한 중요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.47-52
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• 1971

저자들은 9세 10개월된 Class I discrepancy 증례를 다각적으로 검사한 후 그의 가족력과 Grater. Nance, Mills, Lloyd, Dewe, 등의 생각대로 Clinical arch lenth의 증가를 더 기대할수 없다고 판단하고 연속발치를 시술하여 전치부의 교우교합과 총생이 거의 해소되어 좋은결과를 보이고 있으나, 두부X-선 규격 사진분석에서 보는바와 같이 Interincisal angle이 약간 크므로 향후 예견되는 Deep Overbite와 Incisal Inclination Control에 치료의 역점를 두고자한다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2002

Neural networks have been focused on as a robust classifier for the remotely sensed imagery due to its statistical independency and teaming ability. Also the artificial neural networks have been reported to be more tolerant to noise and missing data. However, unlike the conventional statistical classifiers which use the statistical parameters for the classification, a neural network classifier uses individual training sample in teaming stage. The training performance of a neural network is know to be very sensitive to the discrepancy of the number of the training samples of each class. In this paper, the effect of the population discrepancy of training samples of each class was analyzed with three layered feed forward network. And a method for reducing the effect was proposed and experimented with Landsat TM image. The results showed that the effect of the training sample size discrepancy should be carefully considered for faster and more accurate training of the network. Also, it was found that the proposed method which makes teaming rate as a function of the number of training samples in each class resulted in faster and more accurate training of the network.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2013년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.1367-1369
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• 2013

Applying Application-Level Multicast technology (ALM) to Distributed Interactive Applications (DIAs) becomes more and more popular. Especially for DIAs embedded priority that the sender forwards data to receivers due to their respective priorities. The priority-based directed minimum spanning tree (PST) algorithm was designed for these DIAs. However, the PST has no efficient priority selection and filtering mechanism. The system will consume a tremendous amount of resource for reconstructing distribution tree and becomes unstable and unscalable. In this paper, First, We propose a novel priority-based application level multicast algorithm: Predict-and-Quantize for Priority with directed minimum Spanning Tree (PQPST), which can efficiently predict efficient priorities for the receivers and quantize the predicted priorities to build the multicast distribution tree. Second, we propose Priority Discrepancy Heuristic Mechanism (PDHM), which sets different thresholds of priority discrepancy within the priority discrepancy interval to control the distribution tree construction can efficiently decrease the repeated distribution tree construction, and we get the best heuristic priority discrepancy interval by PQPST. According to the simulation results, the PQPST and PDHM can efficiently improve the performance of the PST algorithm.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2022

Purpose: Leg length discrepancy causes the posture deformation, gait asymmetry, and lower back pain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation among functional leg length discrepancy (FLLD), muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time and vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) during simple lifting task. Methods: Thirty-nine subjects participated in this study. FLLD was measured from the umbilicus to medial malleolus of left and right leg using a tape. The subjects performed to lift a 10 kg box from the floor to chest. The muscle activity and muscle contraction onset time of rectus abdominis, erector spinae and rectus femoris was measured using EMG system and vGRF was measured by two force plate. Pearson correlation was used to fine out the correlation among FDDL, muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time and vGRF during simple lifting task. Results: Correlation between FLLD and difference of muscle activity of short-long side was very high (r>0.9) during simple lifting task. Correlation between FLLD and difference of muscle contraction onset time of short-long side was very high (r>0.9) during simple lifting task. And correlation between FLLD and difference of vGRF of short-long side was high (r>0.7) during simple lifting task. Conclusion: This study suggests that there is high correlation between FLLD and muscle activity, muscle contraction onset time, and ground reaction force during simple lifting task. Therefore, FLLD could negatively affect the postural balance.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.124-130
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• 2020

PURPOSE. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of sintering procedures on marginal discrepancies of fixed partial metal frameworks fabricated using different sintering-based computer-aided design and computer/aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty resin die models of prepared premolar and molar abutment teeth were fabricated using a three-dimensional (3D) printer and divided into four groups (n = 10) according to the fabrication method of metal frameworks used: HM (via hard milling), SM (via soft metal milling), L25 (via direct metal laser melting [DMLM] with a 25 ㎛ layer thickness), and L50 (via direct DMLM with a 50 ㎛ layer thickness). After the metal frameworks were fabricated and cemented, five vertical marginal discrepancy measurements were recorded in each site (i.e., buccal, facing the pontic, lingual, and facing away from the pontic) of both abutment teeth under a stereomicroscope (×40). Data were statistically analyzed at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS. No statistically significant differences (P>.05) were found among the four axial sites of metal frameworks fabricated by sintering-based CAD/CAM techniques. The HM and L25 groups showed significantly (P<.001) lower marginal discrepancy values than the SM and L50 groups. CONCLUSION. Marginal discrepancy in the sites facing the pontic was not influenced by the type of sintering procedure. All fabrication methods exhibited clinically acceptable results in terms of marginal discrepancies.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.515-524
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• 2017

이 연구에서는 분류를 위한 RF (random forest)의 크기 결정에 유용한 승리표차 MV (margin of victory)에 기반한 불일치 측도를 제안하고자 한다. 여기서 MV는 현재의 RF에서 1등과 2등을 차지하는 집단이 무한 RF에서 차지하는 승리표차이다. 구체적으로 -MV가 양수이면 현재와 무한 RF 사이에 1등과 2등인 집단에서 불일치가 생긴다는 점에 착안하여, max(-MV, 0)을 하나의 불일치 측도로 제안한다. 이 불일치 측도에 근거하여 RF의 크기 결정에 적절한 진단통계량을 제안하며, 또한 이 통계량의 이론적인 점근분포를 유도한다. 마지막으로 이 통계량을 최근에 제안된 진단통계량들과 소표본 하에서 성능을 비교하는 모의실험을 실행한다.