• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.77-86
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• 2013

In order to evaluate the effect of conservative treatment for Temporomandibular Disorders(TMD), 137 patients were subjected at the Department of Oral Medicine, Pusan National University Dental Hospital from June 2012 to Sept. 2012. They were treated conservatively with behavioral therapy, physical therapy, medication and occlusal stabilizing splint therapy. Subjective symptoms and clinical findings were investigated to evaluate and compare the patients' status after 3 months treatment. The results were as follows; 1. Pain, Noise, LOM(Limitation of motion) and MCO(Maximum comfortable opening) measurements of TMD were markedly improved after conservative treatments including behavior therapy, physical therapy, medication and splint therapy. 2. There was no difference in treatment outcomes after conservative treatments when the subjects were classified and compared according to gender and chronicity. 3. Conservative treatment including stabilization splint produced better results than physical therapy with medication. 4. After 3 months of treatment, pain and LOM were significantly improved in the MD(Muscle disorder) group. Pain, LOM and noise were significantly improved in the DD(Disc displacements) group. In the OA(Osteoarthritis) group, pain, noise, LOM and MCO were significantly improved.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 2006

Objective. The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that inflammatory synovial fluid from TMJ internal derangement initiates a transient increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([$Ca^{2+}$]i) in chondrocytes and the induced Ca2+ signaling affects iNOS/COX-2 gene expression patterns following exposure to inflamed synovial fluid. Materials and Methods. Two female adult patients with symptoms of TMD who agreed to participate in the study were selected for this study. Immortalized human juvenile costal chondrocyte C-28/I2 was grown to 80% confluency and synovial fluids from two patients were added respectively to culture media for 24 hours at the concentration of 100ng/10ml. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to examine changes of intracellular calcium concentration ([$Ca^{2+}$]i). RT-PCR was performed to identify the expression profile of IL-1${\alpha}$, iNOS, COX-2. Results. Increased [$Ca^{2+}$]i was observed in chondrocytes subjected to inflamed synovial fluid compared to control cultures and in respective cultures exposed to inflamed synovial fluids from each patient, IL-1${\beta}$, COX-2 mRNA were detected. However, in neither case iNOS mRNA was expressed. IL-1${\alpha}$, COX-2, and iNOS mRNA were expressed in control culture. Conclusion. Our results show that immortalized chondrocytes cultured with inflamed synovial fluids from patients diagnosed as disc displacement without reduction and limitation in mouth opening showed increased calcium concentration and expression of COX-2 while inhibiting the production of iNOS, which in turn could adversely affect the chondrocytes in at least short term by hindering physiologic role of NO against inflammatory cascades. These findings suggest that inflamed synovial fluid may differentially regulate the transcriptomes of relevant inflammatory mediators, especially iNOS/COX-2 axis in chondrocytes through adjusting calcium transients.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

Objectives Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a human pathogen and a major cause of hospital-acquired infections. New antibacterial agents that have not been compromised by bacterial resistance are needed to treat MRSA-related infections. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial activity ofethanol extract of Haedokgeumhwa-san (HGH) which prescription is composed of korean medicine against MRSA. Methods The antibacterial activity of HGH extract was evaluated against MRSA strains by using the Disc diffusion method, broth microdilution method (minimal inhibitory concentration; MIC), checkerboard dilution test, and time-kill test; its mechanism of action was investigated by bacteriolysis, detergent or ATPase inhibitors. The checkerboard dilution test was used to examined synergistic effect of ampicillin, oxacillin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, gentamicin and norfloxacin in combination with HGH ethanol extract. A time-kill assay was performed a survival curve which was obtained by plotting viable colony counts depending on time on bacterial growth. Results The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethanol extract (HGH) ranged from 1,000 to $2,000{\mu}g/mL$ against all the tested bacterial strains, respectively. We are able to confirm that HGH extract has potentially strong antibacterial activity. In the checkerboard dilution test, fractional inhibitory concentration index of HGH in combination with antibiotics indicated synergy or partial synergism against S. aureus. A time-kill study showed that the growth of the tested bacteria was considerably inhibited after 8 hr of treatment with the combination of HGH with selected antibiotics. For measurement of cell membrane permeability, HGH $250{\sim}1,000{\mu}g/mL$ along with concentration of Triton X-100 (TX) and Tris-(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (Tris) were used. In the other hand, N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodimide (DCCD) and Sodium azide ($NaN_3$) was used as an inhibitor of ATPase. TX, Tris, DCCD and $NaN_3$ cooperation against S. aureus showed synergistic action. Accordingly, antimicrobial activity of HGH was affected by cell membrane and inhibitor of ATPase. Conclusions These results suggest that Haedokgeumhwa-san extract has antibacterial activity, and that HGH extract offers a potential as a natural antibiotic against MRSA.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2005

Statement of problem. Among the physical properties of adhesion luting cement, the aspect that requires the most important factor is the degree of solubility and water sorption. Dissolution or an inadequate due to excessive water sorption inside the oral cavity compromises the while concurrently increasing the susceptibility to secondary dental caries. Susceptibility to dissolution and difficulty of removing remnant cement from the gingival sulcus have hindered the use of dental resin cement in the clinical practice, but the improved characteristics of newer generation resin cements have interest in and enabled resin cements to be widely used in adhesion of fixed prosthesis, such as laminate veneers and all-ceramic crowns. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the degrees of solubility and water sorption of a variety of resin cements widely used for clinical purposes with different curing methods. Material and methods. Self-curing resin cements, $Avanto^{(R)}$, $C&B^{TM}$ CEMENT and Superbond C&B cements comprised group 1, 2 and 3. The dual-curing resin cements $Panavian^{TM}$ F, $Calibra^{(R)}$ and $Variolink^{(R)}$ II were divided into groups 4, 5, and 6, respectively. The investigation was carried out using disc-shaped specimens as specified by ANSI/ADA Specification No. 27. The degree of water sorption, water solubility and lactic acid solubility of each test group was analyzed statistically leading to the following conclusion. Results. The degree of water sorption was shown to increase in the following order : group 6, 5, 4, 2, 1 and 3. There were significant differences between the water sorption of each group. Results of the degree of water solubility were shown to increase in the following order : group 6, 5, 4, 2, 1 and 3. Statistically significant differences were found between each group, with the exception of groups 1 and 3. Finally, the degree of lactic acid solubility was found to increase in the following order : group 6,5,4,2,3 and 1. Significant differences were found between each group. In general dual-curing resin cements displayed substantially lower values than self-curing resin cements with regard to water sorption, water solubility, and lactic acid solubility. Conclusions. From the results of this study, dual-curing resin cements show a significantly lower degree of water sorption and solubility than their self-curing counterparts. Clinically, when selecting resin cements, the product with a lower degree of water sorption and solubility are preferred. The results of this study indicate that the use-of dual-curing resin cements is preferable to self-curing cements.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.sup2
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• pp.325-334
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• 2008

Purpose: The carrier used as delivery agent for bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs) should also act as a scaffold for new bone formation. Moreover, bone formation should be predictable in terms of the volume and shape. This study examined the osteogenic effect of macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate (MBCP) block combined with ePTFE membrane as a carrier for recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMP-2). In addition, the additive effect of ePTFE membrane on bone formation was evaluated. Materials and Methods: Eight-millimeter critical sized calvarial defects were created surgically in 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were divided into 2 groups containing 14 animals each. The defects were treated with either rhBMP-2/MBCP block (rhBMP-2/MBCP group) or rhBMP-2/MBCP block/ePTFE membrane (rhBMP-2/MBCP/ePTFE group). A disc-shaped MBCP block (3 mm height and 8 mm diameter) was used as the carrier for the rhBMP-2 and ePTFE membrane was used to cover the rhBMP-2/MBCP block. The histologic and histometric parameters were used to evaluate the defects after 2- or 8-week healing period (7 animals/group/healing interval). Results: The level of bone formation in the defects of both groups was significantly higher at 8 weeks than that at 2 weeks (P < 0.05). The ePTFE membrane has no additional effect compared with the rhBMP-2/MBCP block only. However, at 8 weeks, rhBMP-2/MBCP/ePTFE group showed more even bone formation on the top of the MBCP block than the rhBMP-2/MBCP group. Conclusion: These results suggest that the ePTFE membrane has no additive effect on bone formation when a MBCP block is used as a carrier for rhBMP-2.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.157-169
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of implant abutment screw coating treatment on joint stability, investigating mechanical properties of these. For this study used $ExFeel^{(R)}$ external hexed implant system and $15mm{\times}1mm$ discs. Experimental group was $1{\mu}m$ TiN, TiCN, TiC coated abutment screws and discs. To know mechanical property, i evaluated adhesion strength, surface hardness, using disc, corrosion test using screw. The results were as follows : rotation angle of coated screws increased than that of non-coated screw because of lower friction coefficient, especially TiC coated screw group had the largest value, but removal torque decreased in all coated screws (p<0.05). Torque loss before and after fatigue test was the smallest in TiC-coated screws, and the largest in non-coated screws (p<0.05), and there was no statistically significant difference between dry condition and wet condition of screws because of higher surface hardness and lower friction coefficient. From the above results, TiN, TiCN, TiC coating group had high abrasion resistance, especially TiC coated group which had low torque-consuming, high rotation angle as low friction coefficient will be considered to influence on implant abutment screw joint stability positively.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.690-694
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• 2010

In this study, herbal wood vinegar including Bambusoideae, Cinnamomi Cortex, Zingiberis Rhizoma was tested to see possibility for cosmetic or skin related medicine. Anti-oxidation effect of herbal wood vinegar was tested by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and showed 97% inhibition rate at $50{\mu}g/ml$. Anti-bacterial effect was tested by disc diffusion method, and it indicated strong anti-bacterial activity against normal skin flora Staphylococcus aureus. Whitening effect was measured by tyrosinase inhibition assay, and it was lower compared with vitamin C. Stability test was done by MTT assay, and cell toxicity was relatively high. Stability was also checked, and there was not significant change in color, aroma, appearance and pH during storage. Anti-atopic dermatitis test was done by hairless mouse and herbal wood vinegar recovered damaged skin to almost normal condition after 9 days of application. IgE concentration in herbal wood vinegar treated mouse was also reduced 30% compared with control. From the study, herbal wood vinegar showed good anti-oxidation, anti-bacterial and anti-atopic dermatitis effect, and had promising application in cosmetic or skin related medicine.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.93-98
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• 2016

Objectives : Hwangheuk-san is a complex prescription composed of oriental traditional medicine and has been reported for antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer effects in the recent study. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of important causes of fatal infectious diseases such as septicemia, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). S. aureus is reported as being for a variety of human diseases and its epidemiological relevance is mainly due to their ability of becoming highly resistant to common antimicrobials such as tetracycline, penicillin, cphalosporin and aminoglycoside. The objective of this study is to determine the antimicrobial effect of Hwangheuk-san ethanol extracts (HHS) and synergistic effects with antibiotics oxacillin against MRSA.Methods : The antimicrobial activity of HHS was measured by the disc diffusion method, broth microdilution method and the checkerboard dilution test, time-kill curve assay was performed to investigate synergistic effects with antibiotics oxacillin against MRSA.Results : HHS showed antimicrobial activity against MRSA with a MIC value of 125 ㎍/㎖. In the checkerboard test, the interaction of HHS with antibiotics oxacillin produced almost synergy or partial synergy against MRSA. This study showed that HHS reduced the MICs of oxacillin tested, and a remarkable antibacterial effect of HHS, with membrane permeability enhancers.Conclusions : These results suggest that HHS has the antimicrobial effect and synergistic effects with antibiotics oxacillin against MRSA. This study thus can be a valuable source for the development of a new drug with low MRSA resistance.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.142-150
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• 2003

Performance of a biological filter, the rotating biological contactor (RBC), is affected by rotational speed and hydraulic residence time (HRT). A RBC with a disc diameter of 62 cm, total surface area of 48.28 $m^2$, volume of 0.34 ㎥, and submergence ratio of 35.4% was tested for the combinations of five rotational speeds (1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 rpm) and three HRT (0.5, 1.0 & 2.0 hr) to find out the maximum removal efficiencies of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite nitrogen of a simulated recirculating aquaculture system. Ammonia loading rate in the system was 25 g of TAN/ ㎥. day. Removal efficiencies were checked when TAN concentrations in the system stabilized for 3 days in each treatment. The concentration of TAN in the system decreased with increasing rotational speed of the RBC up to 4 rpm in all HRT (P<0.05). At the rotational speed of 5 rpm, the efficiencies decreased in all HRT (P<0.05). When the rotational speeds were 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 rpm, TAN concentrations in the system were 1.35, 0.94, 0.69, 0.66, and 0.76 mg/L at the 0.5 hr HRT, 2.86, 1.18, 0.96, 0.87, and 1.11 mg/L at the 1.0 hr HRT, and 5.30, 2.44, 1.99, 1.77, and 2.01 mg/L at the 2.0 hr HRT, respectively. The TAN removal efficiencies of the RBC at the rotational speeds of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 rpm were 32.9, 49.5, 65.1, 72.9, and 62.9% in 0.5 hr HRT,33.1, 74.1, 87.1, 95.8, and 78.5% in 1.0 hr HRT, and 35.5, 76.7, 89.6, 97.0, and 85.5% in 2.0 hr HRT, respectively. TAN removal efficiency of RBC per pass increased with increasing HRT. However, TAN concentration in the system also increased. The best operating condition among the treatments was obtained at the treatment of 0.5 hr HRT and 4 rpm (P<0.05). The TAN concentration was 0.66 mg/L. Concentrations of nitrite nitrogen (NO$_2$$^{[-10]}$ -N) in the system decreased with increasing rotational speed in all HRT while that in the system increased with increasing HRT in all rotational speeds. The ranges of NO$_2$$^{[-10]}$ -N concentrations at HRT of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 hr in the system were 0.26~0.32, 0.31~0.56, and 0.43~l.45 mg/L, respectively. The ranges of daily removal rates of TAN in this system were 20.03~23.0 g TAN/㎥ㆍday and those of nitrite nitrogen were 19.65~30.25 g NO$_2$$^{[-10]}$ -N/㎥ㆍday.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.764-772
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• 2011

Hot-water and 70%-ethanol Smilax china leaf extracts were prepared, and their total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, DPPH-radical-scavenging ability, nitrite-scavenging ability, and antimicrobial activity were determined. The total polyphenol contents of the hot-water and ethanol extract were $5.433{\pm}0.171$ and $13.060{\pm}0.110mg/g$, respectively; their flavonoid contents were $1.599{\pm}0.017$ and $3.005{\pm}0.084mg/g$; their DPPH-radical-scavenging abilities, assayed at 1.0 mg/mL, were 33.6 and 92.3%; and their nitrite-scavenging abilities, assayed at 0.1-2.0 mg/mL, were 37.9-61.6 and 38.4-77.8%. The 70%-ethanol extract showed higher antimicrobial activity than the hot-water extract. The antimicrobial activities were high in Bacillus cereus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella typhymurium, and Staphylococcus aureus, in that order. The antimicrobial substances in the two extracts were maintained after heating at $65-125^{\circ}C$ for 30 min.