• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.793-799
• /
• 2002

Four feeds, three concentrates (rice bran, soybean meal and flaked corn) and one forage (corn silage) were incubated in four ruminally fistulated Holstein steers over three one week periods in a 3${\times}$4 incomplete latin square design where steers served as blocks and feeds as treatment. The objectives of the study were to investigate in situ DM, N and P degradability characteristics of feeds in order to assess availability of these nutrients by ruminants. In each period, all feeds were incubated in quadruplets (corn silage in triplicates) in the rumen of each steer in a reverse order for 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h. The DM 'a' fraction was higher and lower (p<0.001) in corn silage and rice bran respectively. Although corn silage contained the lowest (p<0.01) DM 'b' fraction, flaked corn contained the highest. Rate of DM degradation of flaked corn and corn silage were half (p<0.05) of the rate of DM degradation of either rice bran or soybean meal. Potential or effective DM degradability (p<0.05 to 0.001) at various passage rates were the lowest for rice bran and the highest for soybean meal. Corn silage N 'a' and 'b' was the highest and lowest, respectively (p<0.01). N 'c' of corn silage and rice bran was higher (p<0.001) than other feeds. Potential N degradability was the lowest in flaked corn (p<0.05). P 'a' was high (p<0.01) for corn silage and rice bran. P 'b' fraction was very high (p<0.001) in soybean meal but was absent in corn silage. Availability of DM (p<0.01 or 0.001), N (p<0.001) and P (p<0.05) differed between feeds at various passage rates except P availability at k=0.02 per h (p>0.05). The results demonstrate that the availability of DM, N and P by ruminants depends on feed as well as categories of animal.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.287-293
• /
• 1993

n-헥산과 아세톤 용매내에서 요오드와 테트라메틸주석간의 전하이동 상호작용을 분광학적 방법으로 연구하였다. 이들의 결과로부터 일시적인 전하이동착물의 흡수 스펙트럼이 관찰되었으며, 흡수 스펙트럼의 후속적인 감소현상이 요오드에 의한 테트라메틸주석의 분해반응임을 알았다.(iododestannylation). 따라서 iododestannylation에 대한 속도상수를 온도 10, 25 및 35$^{\circ}C$, 압력을 1600 bar까지 변화시켜 가면서 측정하였으며, 이때의 반응속도상수는 온도와 압력에 따라 증가함을 알았다. 이 반응속도상수로부터 ${\Delta}V^{\neq}$, ${\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq}$, ${\Delta}H^{\neq}$ 및 ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$의 값을 얻었으며, 이들 값으로부터 전이상태의 용매구조 변화 및 메카니즘을 규명하였다. 이러한 사실로부터 본 반응은 S$_F$2 메카니즘이 지배적이며 압력이 증가함에 따라 S$_F$2의 성격이 약화됨을 알았다.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제37권6호
• /
• pp.555-561
• /
• 1993

메탄올용매내에서 요오드와 테트라메틸주석 사이의 Iododestannylation에 대한 반응속도를 분광학적 방법으로 연구하였다. 이 결과로부터 일시적인 전하이동착물의 흡수 스펙트럼이 관찰되었으며, 흡수 스펙트럼의 후속적인 감소현상으로 요오드에 의한 테트라메틸주석의 분해반응임을 알았다. 따라서 iododestannylation에 대한 속도상수를 온도 10, 25 및 35$^{\circ}C$ 압력을 1600 bar 까지 변화시켜 가면서 측정하였으며, 이때의 반응속도상수는 온도와 압력에 따라 증가함을 알았다. 이 반응속도상수로부터 ${\Delta}V^\neq,\;{\Delta}{\beta}^{\neq},\;{\Delta}H^{\neq},\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}$ 및 ${\Delta}G^{\neq}$의 값을 구하였다. 활성화 부피와 활성화 압축율계수는 모두 음의 값이며, 활성화 엔탈피는 양의 값을, 활성화 엔트로피는 음의 값을 나타내었다. 이들 값으로부터 전이상태의 용매구조변화 및 메카니즘을 규명하였다. 이러한 사실로부터 본 반응은 $S_E2$ 메카니즘이 지배적이며 압력이 증가함에 따라 $S_E2$의 성격이 약화됨을 알았다

• 대한한방소아과학회지
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.77-100
• /
• 2020

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate recent clinical studies on the effect of herbal medicine for pediatric tonsillitis in China, and to seek better methods to treat and study for pediatric tonsillitis in Republic of Korea. Methods We searched clinical studies from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) by search formula (SU='扁桃体炎'+'扁桃炎'+'扁桃腺炎'+'乳蛾'+'喉蛾'+'蚕蛾'+'石蛾'+'珠蛾'+'肉蛾'+'乳蛾風'+爛乳風'+'tonsillitis') and (SU='中樂'+'中医樂'+'本草'+'湯'+'丸'+'散'+'方'+'顆粒'+'膠囊'+'自擬'+'herb'+'herbal'+'decoction'+'remedy'+'Chinese medicine'+'Korean medicine'+'kampo'+'formula'+'herbal drug'+'Chinese drug'+'plant'+'Chinese prescription'+'traditional medicine'+'Medicine, East Asian Traditional'+'Herbal Medicine') in professional search from January 2016 to August 2020. We analyzed the literature focusing on the treatment methods and results. Results Among 1464 searched studies, 35 randomized controlled trials were selected and analyzed. In most studies, the effectiveness of oral administration of herbal medicine on pediatric tonsillitis was significant. Most commonly used herbs were Fructus Forsythiae (連翹), Radix Glycyrrhizae (甘草), Radix Scutellariae (黃芩), Herba Menthae (薄荷), Fructus Arctii (牛蒡子), Radix Scrophulariae (玄蔘), Radix Platycodi (桔梗), Flos Lonicerae (金銀花), Radix Isatidis (板藍根), Radix Bupleuri (柴胡), Fructus Gardeniae (梔子), Rhizoma Belamcandae (射干), Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (大黃), Gypsum Fibrosum (石膏). Conclusions By analyzing the improvement of indicators such as total effective rate, cured rate, symptom disappearance time and symptom score, we found that herbal medicine treatment can help improve pediatric tonsillitis. However, additional studies are needed to solidify these findings.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.67-88
• /
• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on traditional Chinese medicine to summarize its efficacy and safety for the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in children. Methods We searched literatures published up to March 19, 2021 using two Chinese electronic databases. Data regarding patients, interventions, results, and adverse events were extracted from RCTs of herbal medicine for children with FGIDs. Results A total of 34 RCTs were included: 16 trials on functional dyspepsia, 7 trials on functional constipation, 6 trials on functional abdominal pain, 4 trials on irritable bowel syndrome, and 1 trial on functional diarrhea. 26 of 29 trials that reported total effective rate, the treatment group showed a significant improvement compared to the control group. Most of other evaluation indicators, such as symptom score, symptom disappearance time, and recurrence rate also demonstrated statistically significant improvement. Of the 16 studies which reported safety, 5 studies reported no adverse reactions in either group, and 4 studies reported no statistically significant differences in the incidence of adverse events between two groups. Also, reported adverse events were mostly mild. Conclusions Herbal medicine may help improve symptoms of FGIDs in children. However, due to limited types of studies on sub-diseases of FGIDs and small sample sizes in each study, additional large scale clinical studies on various other FGIDs are necessary.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.167-179
• /
• 2023

The extent of change in the Land use/Land cover (LULC) of Okomu National Park (ONP) and fringe communities was evaluated. High resolution Landsat imagery was used to identify the major vegetation cover/land use systems and changes around the national park and fringe communities while field visits/ground truthing, involving the collection of coordinates of the locations was carried out to ascertain the various land cover/land use types identified on the images, and the extent of change over three-time series (2000, 2010 and 2020). The change detection was analyzed using area calculation, change detection by nature and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The result of the classification and analysis of the LULC Change of ONP and fringe communities revealed an alarming rate of encroachment into the protected area. All the classification features analyzed had notable changes from 2000-2020. The forest, which was the dominant LULC feature in 2000, covering about 66.19% of the area reduced drastically to 36.12% in 2020. Agricultural land increased from 6.14% in 2000 to 34.06% in 2020 while vegetation (degraded land) increased from 27.18% in 2000 to 38.89% in 2020. The magnitude of the change in ONP and surroundings showed the forest lost -247.136 km² (50.01%) to other land cover classes with annual rate change of 10%, implying that 10% of forest land was lost annually in the area for 20 years. The NDVI classification values of 2020 indicate that the increase in medium (399.62 km² ) and secondary high (210.17 km² ) vegetation classes which drastically reduced the size of the high (38.07 km² ) vegetation class. Consequent disappearance of the high forests of Okomu is inevitable if this trend of exploitation is not checked. It is pertinent to explore other forest management strategies involving community participation.

• 한국임상약학회지
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.111-119
• /
• 2000

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and the pattern of regimens prescribed for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease in a regional community hospital. 226 patients were treated as an outpatient and followed for one year. 88 patients $(38.9\%)$ had gastric ulcer (GU) alone, 6 patients $(2.7\%)$ had duodenal ulcer (DV) alone, 5 patients $(2.2\%)$ had gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) alone, 25 patients $(11.1\%)$ had both GU and DU, 88 patients $(38.9\%)$ had both GU and GERD, and 14 patients $(6.2\%)$ had both DU and GERD. During this study period no one was treated for Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. The disease showed higher occurrence in male population (139 patients, $61.5\%$) and among the ages of 30 and 40 $(62.4\%)$. The average age of these patients was 41.3 years and there was no difference between the genders. $81.4\%$ of these patients underwent CLO test to check for the existence of Helicobacter and $66.3\%$ of these Patients showed the positive response. $65.6\%$ of patients with GU and $80\%$ of patients with DU showed the positive response and there was no difference between the genders $(65.4\%\;vs.\;67.6\%)$. 184 patients $(81.4\%)$ were deemed to be cured based on the disappearance of their symptoms after completing the regimens. Compliance rate did not differ for gender or different diseases, while showing a difference in age. Patients between the ages of 20 to 30 years old showed the worst compliance rate. In addition, the compliance was lower among the patients who had previous occurrence of the disease, and this was more evident among female patients. Although 184 patients out of the total 226 patients were deemed to be cured, 36 patients $(20.65\%)$ of these returned to the hospital for relapsed diseases within one year. The factors that affected for patients to relapse were the diseases accompanied by ulcer and social environments, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and previous history of the diseases (smoking P<0.001, alcohol consumption P<0.02, previous history of disease P<0.05). The regimen using $H_2$ receptor antagonists+tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate+clarithromycin showed the lower rate of relapse, and the regimens of omeprazole (OMP)+amoxicillin+tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate and OMP+amoxicillin+metronidazole showed better compliance rate. Patient education by pharmacists on the importance of compliance to regimens and the risk factors fer relapse can provide a better patient care. This would ultimately result in more cost-effective treatments by preventing additional cost for treating relapsed symptoms in approximately $20\%$ of patients.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제30권10호
• /
• pp.1039-1046
• /
• 2008

수중에 존재할 수 있는 항생제물질 중 cefaclor를 제거하기 위하여 UV/H$_2$O$_2$ 공정을 적용하였다. 기존 회분식반응기의 경우 시료를 채취하면 시료가 감소하여 UV램프와 제거대상물질의 유효접촉면적이 감소하는 것을 보완하기 위해 외부에 혼합조를 설치하여 실험을 실시하였다. UV반응기 내부는 완전혼합을 위해 4개의 baffle을 설치하였으며 광자의 방출을 방지하기 위해 반응조 외부를 알루미늄 호일로 감쌌다. OH radical의 생성은 pCBA(p-Chlorobenzoic acid)를 이용하여 간접적으로 측정하였으며, 의사일차반응식(pseudo-frist order reaction)을 이용하여 반응속도상수를 구하였다. 본 연구의 최적 OH radical 생성조건은 pH 3, 과산화수소 주입량은 5 mmol/L 그리고 펌프순환유량은 400 mL/min로 나타났으며, 반응속도상수는 0.1051 min$^{-1}$이었다. 최적의 OH radical 생성조건에서 cefaclor는 40 min안에 완전히 제거되었으며 반응속도상수는 0.093 min$^{-1}$이었다. 초기 cefaclor의 농도가 낮을 수록 빠르게 제거되었으며, OH radical에 의해 분해되어 중간생성물질(intermediates)인 chloride(Cl$^-$), nitrate(NO$_3{^{2-}}$), sulfite(SO$_4{^{2-}}$) 그리고 acetic acid(CH$_3$COO$^-$) 등의 음이온과 phenylglycine을 생성하였다. 반응시간 6 hr 이후 TOC의 77% 감소, phenylglycine의 소멸 그리고 acetic acid가 감소하는 것으로 보아 cefaclor는 UV/H$_2$O$_2$ 공정에 의해 빠르게 분해될 뿐만 아니라 CO$_2$와 H$_2$O의 형태로 무해화(mineralization)되는 것으로 보인다.

• 한국어병학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.45-56
• /
• 2008

This study was conducted to find out biological responses of bivalves exposed to organotin compound.The results of the study confirmed that tribultyltin chloride (TBTCl) induce reduction of survival rate andburrowing activity, and histopathological feature in the foot structure of the equilateral venus, Gomphinaveneriformis. The experimental period was 36 weeks. The experimental groups consisted of a control and 3TBTCl exposure groups (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 ym TBTCl L'). The survival rate and burrowing activity were record-ed daily. For histological analysis, foot tissues were fixed in Bouin' s fluid and then stained H-E stain, AB-PAS (PH 2.5) reaction and Masson's trichrome stain after having serially sectioned the tissue by paraffinmethod at thickness of 4-6 ym. The survival rate was not significantly different between the control andexposure groups for 20 weeks, but in 0.8 Um TBTCl L', it was on the decreased ever since the exposure. Theburrowing activity was not significantly different in the exposure group compared to the control up to 12weeks, but in 0.6 and 0.8 ym TBTCl L', it measured the lowest level after 20 weeks. The foot is composedof the epidermal layer, connective tissue, and muscular layer. The epidermal layer is composed of simplecolumnar, cuboidal epithelia and mucous cells. The cilia were well developed on the apical surface ofepithelium, Circular, longitudinal and transverse muscle bundle were well developed in the muscular layer.The majority mucous cells showed blue color (542c) when it subjected to AB-PAS (PH 2.5) reaction. Nohistopathological alterations in the foot were observed up to 12 weeks. After 20 weeks of exposure to 0.8 (anTBTCl L'', the foot samples of exposed G. veneriformis showed disappearance of cilia and striated borderpartially and extension of hemolymph sinus. The mucous cell increased in the marginal of foot. At 28-weekof exposure to 0.4 ym TBTCl L', it observed weekly acid (564c), neutral (264c) and mixed mucous cell. At36-week of exposure to 0.6 ym TBTCl L', it showed fragmentation of the muscle and collagen fiber bundle,and also diappearance of cilia on epithelia and edema of epithelium in 0.8 ym TBTCl L''.

• 한국습지학회지
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.79-89
• /
• 2006

시화호의 우점종 중의 하나인 세가시육질꼬리옆새우의 염분구배 (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40‰)에 따른 생존율 및 튜브형성 개수 실험을 하였다. 그리고 수층 내 산소농도가 충분할 경우 황화합물 농도가 높은 퇴적물 속에서 대상 종의 생존율과 이들의 생물교란 활동이 퇴적물 내 산소농도와 황화합물의 수직구배에 미치는 영향을 실험하였다. 대상 종은 20~30‰ 염분 조건에서 생존율이 높았으며 튜브형성 개수 또한 많았다. 수층 내 산소 농도가 충분할 경우, 대상 종은 황화합물 퇴적물에서 높은 생존율을 나타내었다. M. uenoi의 생물교란 활동은 퇴적물 내로 산소를 확산시킴으로써 황화합물을 제거하였다. 산소 확산과 황화합물이 제거되는 깊이는 대상 종의 서식밀도가 높을수록 증가하였다. 시화호 퇴적물에는 황화합물의 농도가 높게 나타나며, 특히 여름철에는 밀도성층의 강화로 저층수에 빈산소층이 형성되어 저서동물이 서식하지 못하는 무생물대가 형성된다. 가을 무렵에는 성층의 약화로 저층수에도 산소가 충분히 공급되며 M. uenoi가 높은 밀도로 출현한다. M. uenoi의 생물교란 활동은 저서동물 군집이 재형성될 수 있는 서식지를 조성하는데 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 판단되었다.