• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제51권2호
• /
• pp.631-640
• /
• 2019

Thorium ($^{232}Th$) is four times more abundant than uranium in nature and has become a new important source of energy in the future. This is due to the ability of thorium to undergo the bombardment of neutron to produce uranium-233 ($^{233}U$). The aim of this study is to investigate the production cost of thorium oxide ($ThO_2$) resulted from the thorium extraction process. Four main parameters were studied which include raw material and chemical cost, total capital investment, direct cost and indirect cost. These parameters were justified to obtain the final production cost for the thorium extraction process. The result showed that the raw material costs were $63,126.00 - $104,120.77 (0.5 ton), $126,252.00 - $178,241.53 (1.0 ton), and $1,262,520.00 - $1,782,415.33 (10.0 tons). The total installed equipment and total cost investment were estimated to be approximately $11,542,984.10 and $13,274,431.715 respectively. Hence, the total costs for producing 1 kg $ThO_2$ were $6829.79 - $6911.78, $3540.95 - $3592.94, and $501.18 - $553.17 for 0.5, 1.0, and 10.0 tons respectively. The result concluded that with higher mass production, the cost of 1 kg $ThO_2$ would be reduced which in this scenario, the lowest production cost was $$501.18kg^{-1}$-$$553.17kg^{-1}$ for 10.0 tons of $ThO_2$ production.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.166-172
• /
• 2001

인삼의 약리활성 성분인 사포닌 성분의 추출분획 중 ginsenoside 함량을 높이거나 화학적 성분 변화를 줄이거나 또는 추출과정을 간편화하기 위한 새로운 추출 분획 방법을 정립하고 기존의 방법과 화학적 조성을 비교하였다. 인삼사포닌의 분획분리 방법으로서 일반적인 고온 MeOH/n-BuOH추출법(BuOH법) 및 고온 MeOH/Diaion HP-20법(HP-20법) 이외에도 새로운 3가지 방법, 즉 고온 MeOH 추출/cation AG 50W 흡착/$H_2O$ 용출/n-BuOH 추출법(AG 50W법), 상온 MeOH/Diaion HP-20법(상온추출법), EtOAc/n-BuOH 직접추출법으로 조사포닌을 분리하였다. AG 50W법에 의한 조사포닌 중 총 ginsenoside 함량은 61.5%로 가장 높았으며 반대로 단백질과 유리 아미노산 함량은 각각 0.93과 0.19%로 다른 방법에 비해 현저히 낮게 나타났다. 단백질의 함량은 HP-20법에 의한 분리가 14.18%로 가장 높았고, 유리당은 BuOH법이 13.5%로서 HP-20법 및 AG 50W법에 비해 $20{\sim}40$배 높은 것으로 나타나 유리당이 BuOH법에 의한 조사포닌 중 순수사포닌 함유 비율을 낮추는 한 요인임을 알 수 있다. 한편, 본 연구에서 새로이 정립한 AG 50W법의 경우 prosapogenin의 생성이 많았다. 그 밖에, 사포닌 분석시료의 신속한 조제를 위하여 추출과정을 단축하여 EtOAc/n-BuOH 혼합용매로 직접 환류추출할 경우, ginsenoside $Rg_1$과 Re의 조성이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구 결과는 조사포닌의 조제 방법에 따라 ginsenoside, 유리당 및 조단백질 등 화학성분의 조성이 현저히 다르며 실험목적에 따라 적절한 방법이 이용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.781-785
• /
• 2005

A fast and reliable method for the selective separation and preconcentration of $Cu^{2+}$ ions using homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction was developed. A new $\alpha$-dioxime derivative (2H-1,4-benzothioazine-2,3(4H)dionedioxime, Dioxime I) was synthesized and investigated as a suitable selective complexing ligand for $Cu^{2+}$ ions. Zonyl FSA (FSA) was applied as a phase-separator agent under the slightly acidic pH conditions. Under the optimal experimental conditions ([FSA] = 3.2% w/v, [THF] = 19.5% v/v, [Dioxime I] = 1.9 ${\times}\;10^{-3}$ M, and pH = 4.7), 10 ${\mu}g\;of\;Cu^{2+}$ in 5.2 mL aqueous phase could be extracted quantitatively into 80 $\mu$L of the sedimented phase. The maximum concentration factor was 65-fold. The limit of detection of the proposed method was 0.005 ng $mL^{-1}$. The reproducibility of the proposed method, on the 10 replicate measurements, was 1.3%. The influence of the pH, type and volume of the water-miscible organic solvent, concentration of FSA, concentration of the complexing ligand and the effect of different diverse ions on the extraction and determination of $Cu^{2+}$ ions were investigated. The proposed method was applied to the extraction and determination of $Cu^{2+}$ ion in different synthetic and natural water samples.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.127-132
• /
• 2014

Optimization of carnosine and anserine extraction from chicken breast was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain the maximized physiological activities for anti-glycation and anti-oxidation. The optimum extraction conditions were water extraction for 1.6 h in the case of the 20-wk laying hen muscle and water extraction for 2.12 h in the case of 90-wk laying hen muscle. Higher carnosine and anserine contents were measured in the 20-wk laying hen muscle, along with higher physiological activities, which increased in direct proportion with the dipeptide contents. The extracts prepared from the 20-wk laying hen under optimum conditions showed 57% inhibition of advanced glycated end-product formation, 64% inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and 61% of DPPH radical scavenging effects. On the other hand, 52% inhibition of AGE formation, 62% inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and 53% of DPPH radical scavenging effect were demonstrated within the 90-wk laying hen. In addition, the ratio of carnosine was a key indicator for the physiological activities of the extracts.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.320-327
• /
• 2013

The quality characteristics of Omija (Schizandra chinesis Baillon) extracts under various extraction temperatures and times were examined. The pH level of the extracts ranged from 3.35-3.47. The sugar and solid content of the samples significantly increased with increasing extraction temperatures and times (p<0.01). In contrast, the lightness of the extracts decreased with increasing extraction temperatures and times (p<0.001). In a palatability test, extracts boiled at $80^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes scored high in terms of color, flavor, turbidity, sourness, and overall acceptability. Hydroxy radical scavenging activity and polyphenol content of the extracts significantly increased with increasing extraction temperatures and times (p<0.01). Furthermore, direct correlations between hydroxy radical scavenging activity and polyphenol content (or flavonoid content) were established through simple regression (r>0.9) for different extraction temperatures and times. From these results, extracts boiled at $80^{\circ}C$ for 120 minutes is the best to product omija beverage considering functionality and sensory evaluation as well.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.393-402
• /
• 2003

In times of the civil uses of commercialized high-resolution satellite imagery, applications of remote sensing have been widely extended to the new fields or the problem solving beyond traditional application domains. Transportation application of this sensor data, related to the automatic or semiautomatic road extraction, is regarded as one of the important issues in uses of remote sensing imagery. Related to these trends, this study focuses on automatic road extraction using Gradient Direction Profile Algorithm (GDPA) scheme, with IKONOS panchromatic imagery having 1 meter resolution. For this, the GDPA scheme and its main modules were reviewed with processing steps and implemented as a prototype software. Using the extracted bi-level image and ground truth coming from actual GIS layer, overall accuracy evaluation and ranking error-assessment were performed. As the processed results, road information can be automatically extracted; by the way, it is pointed out that some user-defined variables should be carefully determined in using high-resolution satellite imagery in the dense or low contrast areas. While, the GDPA method needs additional processing, because direct results using this method do not produce high overall accuracy or ranking value. The main advantage of the GDPA scheme on road features extraction can be noted as its performance and further applicability. This experiment study can be extended into practical application fields related to remote sensing.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제27권9호
• /
• pp.1593-1601
• /
• 2017

Vibrio species are generally recognized as pathogens predominant in seafood along coastal areas. The food industry has sought to develop efficient microbial detection methods. Owing to the limits of conventional methods, this study aimed to establish a rapid identification method for Vibrio isolated from Korea, based on matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Four different preparation procedures were compared to determine the appropriate means to pretreat Vibrio species, using 17 isolates and five reference strains. Extended direct transfer and full formic acid extraction methods using bacterial colonies on agar plates revealed very low identification rates. Formic acid and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) extractions using bacterial broth cultures were also performed. All Vibrio isolates and reference strains prepared by TFA extraction were successfully identified to the species level (17/22, 77.3%) and to the genus level (5/22, 22.7%). Thus, TFA extraction was considered the most appropriate method to pretreat Vibrio species for MALDI-TOF MS. The remaining 33 isolates and two reference strains were prepared by TFA extraction and analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. Overall, 50 isolates were identified to the species level (40/50, 80%) and to the genus level (10/50, 20%). All isolates were identified as 43 V. alginolyticus, six V. parahaemolyticus, and one V. vulnificus species. V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus were isolated from fish offal (87.5% and 12.5%, respectively), seawater (91.3%, 8.7%), and shellfish (62.5%, 37.5%), whereas V. alginolyticus and V. vulnificus were isolated from sediment (90.9% and 9.1%, respectively). This study established a reliable system of MALDI-TOF MS preparation and analysis for Vibrio identification.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.8-13
• /
• 2017

Analysis of quinidine for fish tissues using single drop microextraction (SDME) coupled with atmospheric pressure matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (AP-MALDI-MS) are reported. Optimization conditions; such as extraction solvent, extraction time, pH of the aqueous solution, salt additions (NaCl), stirring rate, matrix type and concentration are investigated. Linear dynamic range (${\mu}M$), limit of detection, relative recovery%, and enrichment factor are 0.08-9.2, 0.05, $94.8{\pm}3.1-98.5{\pm}3.3%$, $4.34{\pm}0.28-4.40{\pm}0.30$, respectively. SDME-AP-MALDI-MS shows good intraday and interday reproducibility.

• 대한전기학회논문지:시스템및제어부문D
• /
• 제51권3호
• /
• pp.108-111
• /
• 2002

This paper proposes an new water mark embedding and extraction technique which extends the direct sequence spread spectrum technique. The proposed technique approximates the complexity of image and block in spatial domain using Laplacian filtering and watermark is adaptively embedded in the mid-frequency DCT components. Local parity bits are attached to higher-frequency DCT components and they are used to detect extraction errors and correct those errors. In extraction process the proposed method boosts the higher frequency components of image and extracts the watermark by demodulation and this information is verified and adjusted by parity bits. Experimental results show it is invisible and robust to several external attacks.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.199-209
• /
• 2007

Traditionally, aerial images have been used as main sources for compiling topographic maps. In recent years, lidar data has been exploited as another type of mapping data. Regarding their performances, aerial imagery has the ability to delineate object boundaries but omits much of these boundaries during feature extraction. Lidar provides direct information about heights of object surfaces but have limitations with respect to boundary localization. Considering the characteristics of the sensors, this paper proposes an approach to extracting buildings from lidar and aerial imagery, which is based on the complementary characteristics of optical and range sensors. For detecting building regions, relationships among elevation contours are represented into directional graphs and searched for the contours corresponding to external boundaries of buildings. For generating building models, a wing model is proposed to assemble roof surface patches into a complete building model. Then, building models are projected and checked with features in aerial images. Experimental results show that the proposed approach provides an efficient and accurate way to extract building models.