• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.9-14
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• 2002

Direct-conversion receiver(DCR) architecture has superior advantages in size, cost, and power over superheterodyne receiver architectures. However, the use of direct-conversion receiver architecture has been limited due to the direct-current offset noise. The ac coupling, which is used to overcome the direct-current offset noise, causes an inter-symbol interference(ISI), whose effects can be effectively mitigated using an equalizer. In this paper, the performance of a direct-conversion receiver with ac coupling in the presence of direct-current offset is analyzed via computer simulation. The simulation result shows that by using decision feedback equalizer with LMS(Least Mean Square) algorithm, signal-to-noise ratio loss of the direct-conversion receiver compared to the idea receiver can be reduced to less than 1㏈ for corner frequencies as large as 10% of the symbol rate.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.49-57
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• 2007

Recently, CMOS RF integration has been widely explored in the wireless communication area to save cost, power, and chip area. The direct conversion architecture, rather than a more conventional super-het-erodyne, has been an attractive choice for single-chip integration because of its many advantages. However, the direct conversion architecture has several fundamental problems to solve in achieving performance comparable to a super-heterodyne counterpart. In this paper, we describe a programmable filter for mobile communication terminals using a direct conversion architecture. The proposed filter can be implemented with the active-RC filter and programmed to meet the requirements of different communication standards, including GSM, DECT and WCDMA. The filter can be tuned to select a detail frequency by changing the gate voltage of the MOS resistors. The gain of the proposed architecture can be programmed from 27dB to 72dB using the filter gain and VGA in 3dB steps.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.668-675
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• 2001

Recently, the performance of the commercial PCS(Personal Communication Service) system has been improved to the uppermost limit and ultimately the next generation mobile communication is to be realized by IMT-2000 (International Mobile Communication-2000) to provide multimedia services. Therefore, the new type receiving system is researched actively and one of the most important part in a receiver is direct conversion method. The direct conversion method is suitable for low power consumption, small size, MMIC, and low price, which is to be adopted to the next generation mobile communication systems. In this case, however, several problems occur due to DC-offset. The DC-offset suppresses amplification of the required signal because of the leakage signal of frequency synthesizer in the system. In this thesis, the removing method of DC-offset was considered. There are four removing techniques of DC-offset, which are AC-coupling, large capacitor, DC-feedback loop, and DC-free coding. Among these, the AC-coupling method is the most simplest method and the DC-feedback loop method has the best performance. Then, the performance of the AC-coupling method and DC-feedback loop method are evaluated by HP's ADS simulation tool. As a result, the AC-coupling method cannot be used to the digital communication systems due to data loss. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the DC-feedback loop method is suitable for the direct conversion receiver.

• The Magazine of the IEIE
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.48-67
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• 2002

Basic introduction to direct conversion architecture was given in comparison with heterodyne one. Principal difficulties in implementation of direct conversion receiver were presented, current state of research in this field and classified, on the basis of extensive analysis of published materials.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.1534-1540
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• 2005

The direct conversion method is classified into the structure using the mixing technology and six-port scheme. In the view point of complexity and integration the direct conversion method using the six-port scheme is superior to that with mixing technology. Expecially, the six-port direct conversion technology provides the low power consumption and the broad-band characteristic. In this paper, the six-port direct conversion receiver with the branch-line coupler and the ring hybrid coupler is desisted respectively. The performances of the designed six-port schemes are analyzed and the six-port scheme with superior performance characteristics is proposed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.481-484
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• 2005

The direct conversion method is classified into the structure using the mixing technology and six-port scheme. In the view point of complexity and integration the direct conversion method using the six-port scheme is superior to that with mixing technology. Expecially, the six-port direct conversion technology provides the low power consumption and the broad-band characteristic. In this paper, the six-port direct conversion receiver with the branch-line coupler and the ring hybrid coupler is designed respectively. The performances of the designed six-port schemes are analyzed and the six-port scheme with superior performance characteristics is proposed.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.8
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• pp.1544-1550
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• 2009

In this paper, a new single phase voltage sag/swell compensator using direct power conversion is proposed. A new compensator consists of input/output filter, series transformer and direct ac-ac converter, which is a single-phase back-to-back PWM converter without dc-link capacitors. Advantages of the proposed compensator include: simple power circuit by eliminating dc link electrolytic capacitors and thereby, improved reliability and increased life time of the entire compensator; simple PWM strategy or compensating voltage sag/swell at the same time and reduced switching losses in the ac-ac converter. Further, the proposed scheme is able to adopt simple switch commutation method without requiring complex four-step commutation method that is commonly employed in the direct power conversion. Simulation and experimental results are shown to demonstrate the advantages of the new compensator and PWM strategy. A 220V, 3kVA single-phase compensator based on the digital signal processor controller is built and tested.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.579-584
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• 2005

A CMOS direct-conversion mixer with a single transistor-level topology is proposed in this paper. Since the single transistor-level topology needs smaller supply voltage than the conventional Gilbert-cell topology, the proposed mixer structure is suitable for a low power and highly integrated RF system-on-a-chip (SoC). The proposed direct-conversion mixer is designed for the multi-band ultra-wideband (UWB) system covering from 3 to 7 GHz. The conversion gain and input P1dB of the mixer are about 3 dB and -10 dBm, respectively, with multi-band RF signals. The mixer consumes 4.3 mA under a 1.8 V supply voltage.

• International Journal of Stem Cells
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.14-25
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• 2022

Glia have been known for its pivotal roles in physiological and pathological conditions in the nervous system. To study glial biology, multiple approaches have been applied to utilize glial cells for research, including stem cell-based technologies. Human glial cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells are now available, allowing us to study the structural and functional roles of glia in the nervous system, although the efficiency is still low. Direct conversion is an advanced strategy governing fate conversion of diverse cell types directly into the desired lineage. This novel strategy stands as a promising approach for preliminary research and regenerative medicine. Direct conversion employs genetic and environmental cues to change cell fate to that with the required functional cell properties while retaining maturity-related molecular features. As an alternative method, it is now possible to obtain a variety of mature cell populations that could not be obtained using conventional differentiation methods. This review summarizes current achievements in obtaining glia, particularly oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

Most carbohydrates exist in nature in an insoluble state, which reduces their susceptibility towards various carbohydrases. Accordingly, they require intensive pretreatment for structural modification to enhance an enzyme reaction. The direct conversion of insoluble carbohydrates has distinct advantages for special types of reaction, especially exo-type carbohydrase; however, its application is limited due to structural constraints. This paper introduces two novel heterogeneous enzyme reaction systems for direct conversion of insoluble carbohydrates; one is an attrition coupled enzyme reaction system containing attrition-milling media for enhancing the enzyme reaction, and the other is a heterogeneous enzyme reaction system using extruded starch as an insoluble substrate. The direct conversion of typically insoluble carbohydrates, including cellulose, starch, and chitin with their corresponding carbohydrases, including cellulase, amylase, chitinase, and cyclodextrin glucanotransferase, was carried out using two proposed enzyme reaction systems. The conceptual features of the systems, their reaction characteristics and mechanism, and the industrial applications of the various carbohydrates are analyzed in this review.