• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제44호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2002

In Korean, each digit is monosyllable and some pairs are known to have high confusability, causing performance degradation of connected digit recognition systems. To improve the performance, in this paper, we employ various discriminant analyses (DA) including Linear DA (LDA), Weighted Pairwise Scatter LDA WPS-LDA), Heteroscedastic Discriminant Analysis (HDA), and Maximum Likelihood Linear Transformation (MLLT). We also examine several combinations of various DA for additional performance improvement. Experimental results show that applying any DA mentioned above improves the string accuracy, but the amount of improvement of each DA method varies according to the model complexity or number of mixtures per state. Especially, more than 20% of string error reduction is achieved by applying MLLT after WPS-LDA, compared with the baseline system, when class level of DA is defined as a tied state and 1 mixture per state is used.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 1991

In this study electrical impedance plethysmograph was developed and each ten digital blood flow was measured for eight nomal males and a patient tvith digital arterial reconstruction surgery. Blood flow of the digit with surgery was approximately fourty percent compared to that of the other normal digit. For the normal subjects, right - handed subjects generally have larger blood flow in right fingers than that in left fingers while it was reverse for the left - handed subjects. The relative average magnitude of the digltal blood flow Is the third, first, second, fourth, and fifth digit in descending order for the left and rich hand, respectively. Blood flow of the fifth digit for all subjec!s except one was the smallest among the five digits.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.39-42
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• 2017

Communication between human and machine is having been researched from last few decades and still it's a challenging task because human behavior is unpredictable. When it comes on handwritten digits almost each human has their own writing style. Handwritten digit recognition plays an important role, especially in the courtesy amounts on bank checks, postal code on mail address etc. In our study, we proposed an efficient feature extraction system for recognizing single digit number drawn by mouse or by a finger on a screen. Our proposed method combines basic image processing and reading the strokes of a line drawn. It is very simple and easy to implement in various platform as compare to the system which required high system configuration. This system has been designed, implemented, and tested successfully.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2001년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집(2)
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• pp.337-340
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• 2001

In this Paper, 3 digit-Serial multilier With 3 digit size of 32 is proposed, which has more advantages than the 193bit serial LFSR architecture. We give a design example for the irreducible trinomials $x^{193}$＋ $x^{15＋1}$. In hardware implementations, it is often desirable to use the irreducible trinomial equations. The proposed multiplier is verified with a VHDL description using an elliptic curve addition. The measured results show that the proposed multiplier is 0.3 times smaller than the bit-serial LFSR multiplier..

• 대한전자공학회논문지TE
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.16-20
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• 2000

대부분의 음성인식 시스템이 확률 모델을 기반으로 한 HMM 방법을 가장 많이 사용하고 있다. 한국어 고립 전화 숫자음 인식인 경우에 만약 충분한 학습 데이터가 주어지면 HMM 방법을 사용해도 높은 인식률을 얻는다 그러나 한국어 연속 전화 숫자음 인식인 경우에 비슷하게 발음되는 전화 숫자음들에 대해서는 HMM방법이 한계를 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 한국어 연속 전화 숫자음 인식에서 HMM 방법의 한계를 극복하기 위해 discriminant 학습 방법을 제시한다. 실험결과는 우리가 제시한 discriminant 학습 방법이 비슷하게 발음되는 전화 숫자음들에 대해서 높은 인식률을 갖는 것을 보여준다.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제45호
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• pp.79-91
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• 2003

Utterance verification aims at rejecting both out-of-vocabulary (OOV) utterances and low-confidence-scored in-vocabulary (IV) utterances. For utterance verification on Korean connected digit recognition task, we investigate several methods to construct filler and anti-digit models. In particular, we propose a substitution error correction method based on 2-best decoding results. In this method, when 1st candidate is rejected, 2nd candidate is selected if it is accepted by a specific hypothesis test, instead of simply rejecting the 1st one. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional log likelihood ratio (LLR) test method.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.1325-1337
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• 2014

In this paper we study the sequences defined by the last and the last non-zero digits of $n^n$ in base b. For the sequence given by the last digits of $n^n$ in base b, we prove its periodicity using different techniques than those used by W. Sierpinski and R. Hampel. In the case of the sequence given by the last non-zero digits of $n^n$ in base b (which had been studied only for b = 10) we show the non-periodicity of the sequence when b is an odd prime power and when it is even and square-free. We also show that if $b=2^2{^s}$ the sequence is periodic and conjecture that this is the only such case.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.55-59
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• 2008

Varix of the digit is generally defined as an enlarged, tortuous palmar digital vein with or without thrombus within it. It usually presents as a firm, blue mass on the volar aspect of the finger. Mechanical compression or chronic trauma to veins on the volar surface of a digit appears central to the pathogenesis of this lesion. Aging phlebectasia has also been considered as a cause of this lesion in the elderly. A tourniquet test may be useful in demonstrating the presence of a digital varix, but it is confirmed by postoperative microscopic examination. Excision of a symptomatic lesion has proven to be curative. We report two cases of symptomatic digital varix which developed in the fourth finger with a review of literatures.

• 한국초등수학교육학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.123-134
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 평형저울을 이용하여 정확한 무게를 측정하기 위한 분동설계 과정에서 적용되는 수학적 내용 및 그 표현들에 대해 탐구하였다. 이 일련의 과정에서 일어날 수 있는 수학 장면과 아이디어 탐구, 2진법, 3진법의 2가지 다른 표현에 대한 이해 등을 포함한 구체적인 수학적 사고의 형성과정을 설명하고 분석한다. 이러한 과정을 현장에 적용하여 학습자의 수학적 사고의 발달과 수학적 성향을 개선시키는데 조금의 보탬이 되고자 하는데 그 목적이 있다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.1605-1612
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• 1996

In this paper, a new approach for continuous digits recognition using the Spatio-Temporal Neural Network (STNN) is reported. The continuous seven digits are gargeted to recognize, and our initial recognition rate was 28%. In this paper, to increase the recognition rate, two methods are proposed. In the first method, to compensated the STNN's own defect as well as to emphasize the Korean digits' phonic characteristics, the starting point ofeach digit is detected using the energy and zero-crossing rate, but the ending point is detectedonly using the energy value. In this case, the seven digits recognition reate increased to 61%. Furthermore, in the second method, considering the fact that a same digit could be pronounced differently in continuously spoken environment, the number of STNNs used to represent each digit is increased from one to five. Consequently, the same digit but pronounced differently could be handled well in the new system. As a result of that, the continuously spoken seven digits recognition rate increased to 89%.