• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.37 no.4 s.147
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• pp.258-265
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• 2006

Brassica rapa L. (Turnip) which is one of the specialized crops in Ganghwa island, has been used for diuretic, digestive, and curative for jaundice, etc. In this study, the anti oxidative effects and hepatoprotective effects of turnip in vitro and in vivo were investigated in order to evaluate the possibility as hepatoprotective agents. Ethanol extract of turnip potently showed the scavenging effect on DPPH and inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation. Oral administration of turnip extract to dgalactosamine-induced experimental liver injured rats was significantly reduced the serum AST, ALT and LDH enzyme activities. And the decrease of catalase and SOD activities in liver microsolmal cytosol was significantly improved by the treatment of turnip. Based on these findings, it is presumed that ethanol extract of turnip may have the hepatoprotective effect on d-galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity rat.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.71-78
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• 2020

Lactobacillus sakei S1 strongly inhibits the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β in lipopolysaccharide-induced peritoneal macrophages by a mechanism for which lactic acid bacteria from kimchi that inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were isolated. Therefore, we further evaluated the protective effect of this strain on the colitis mouse model induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). TNBS significantly elevated myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression, macroscopic scores, and colon shortening. Oral L. sakei S1 administration resulted in reduction of TNBS-induced loss in body weight, colon shortening, MPO activity, expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). L. sakei S1 inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, induced by TNBS, but enhanced IL-10 expression. L. sakei S1 showed resistance to artificial digestive juices and adherence to intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Thus, L. sakei S1 may inhibit the NF-κB pathway and be used in functional food to treat colitis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.409-416
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• 2009

Acute pancreatitis is a multifactorial disease associated with the premature activation of digestive enzymes. The genes expressed in pancreatic acinar cells determine the severity of the disease. The present study determined the differentially expressed genes in pancreatic acinar cells treated with cerulein as an in vitro model of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic acinar AR42J cells were stimulated with $10^{-8}$ M cerulein for 4 h, and genes with altered expression were identified using a cDNA microarray for 4,000 rat genes and validated by real-time PCR. These genes showed a 2.5-fold or higher increase with cerulein: lithostatin, guanylate cyclase, myosin light chain kinase 2, cathepsin C, progestin-induced protein, and pancreatic trypsin 2. Stathin 1 and ribosomal protein S13 showed a 2.5-fold or higher decreases in expression. Real-time PCR analysis showed time-dependent alterations of these genes. Using commercially available antibodies specific for guanylate cyclase, myosin light chain kinase 2, and cathepsin C, a time-dependent increase in these proteins were observed by Western blotting. Thus, disturbances in proliferation, differentiation, cytoskeleton arrangement, enzyme activity, and secretion may be underlying mechanisms of acute pancreatitis.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.135-142
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• 1992

Pi(Spleen, 脾) corresponds to central earth and is called as the basis of acquired essence as it has the function of transforting and transforming the nutrients, keeping the blood circulating, and nourishing the muscle and limbs. Recently many studies to research the nature and deficiency of Pi are actively carried out. Especially functional deficiency of Pi(脾虛證) which occupies 60 to 70% or 88% in miscell aneous disease is divided into deficiency of Qi(脾氣虛), Yang(脾陽許), and Yin(脾陰虛), and tought to be positive when three or more such symptoms as anorexia, abdominal distension, loose bowels, pale face and weakness are present. Investigating the resent studies on the nature of the deficiency of Pi shows that Pi has the function of digestive system and also should be considered as functional unit of mult system related immune, metabolic, hematic, muscular, rnddocrine and nervus system. Various experiments as ptyaline activity test and xylose absorption test are used as an indication to deficiency of Pi and would be helpful to understand its nature. As deficiency of Pi appears in many disease and has various manifestations, further studies to diagnose the symptom of Pi using various experiments and oriental medical diagnostic method should be ensued.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1048-1060
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• 2005

Dietary acidifiers appear to be a possible alternative to feed antibiotics in order to improve performance of weaning pigs. It is generally known that dietary acidifiers lower gastric pH, resulting in increased activity of proteolytic enzymes, improved protein digestibility and inhibiting the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in GI tract. It is also hypothesized that acidifiers could be related to reduction of gastric emptying rate, energy source in intestine, chelation of minerals, stimulation of digestive enzymes and intermediate metabolism. However, the exact mode of action still remains questionable. Organic acidifiers have been widely used for weaning pigs' diets for decades and most common organic acidifiers contain fumaric, citric, formic and/or lactic acid. Many researchers have observed that dietary acidifier supplementation improved growth performance and health status in weaning pigs. Recently inorganic acidifiers as well as organic acidifiers have drawn much attention due to improving performance of weaning pigs with a low cost. Several researchers introduced the use of salt form of acidifiers because of convenient application and better effects than pure state acids. However, considerable variations in results of acidifier supplementation have been reported in response of weaning pigs. The inconsistent responses to dietary acidifiers could be explained by feed palatability, sources and composition of diet, supplementation level of acidifier and age of animals.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.229-238
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• 2013

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are added to different food products for a long time due to health beneficial effects on human host. LAB is applied in dairy products, such as yoghurt, cheese, and various fermented products, and also in non-dairy products, such as sausages. However, reaching the human gut alive as well as in a sufficient cell amount to exert positive health effects is still a big challenge, due to LAB sensitive character and vulnerability against harsh and detrimental conditions in human digestive system. Keeping physiological activity of sensitive LAB strains alive is for the formulation of novel food products with a probiotic health claim of utmost interest, thus microencapsulation has been applied and investigated as a promising technique for a good and reliable protection. Microencapsulation allows reduced cell injury or cell loss by retaining cells within the encapsulating membrane and can be enforced by spray-drying, emulsion, extrusion, and a range of other technologies in combination with an appropriate coating material, such as alginate, chitosan, and mixture of these two polymers. In this review, established and well-studied microencapsulation techniques with their favored coating materials, as well as the recent applications of microencapsulated LAB into dairy products will be discussed.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 1993

Protein methylase inhibitor which is a modulator of biological methylation has been purified and characterized from porcine liver soluble fraction by cell fractionation, Sephadex G25 chromatography, reverse phase HPLC, size exclusion HPLC. The results are summarized as follows. 1) The purified inhibitor shows apparent homogeneity, as judged by HPLC. 2) A molecular weight of the purified inhibitor which is composed of 18 amino acid residues is about 1,400 daltons. 3) A single absorption peak of ultraviolet spectrum was observed at 260nm. 4) The inhibitor was not inactivated by heating at $100^{\circ}C$ until 60min. and its activity was not influenced by treatment with digestive enzymes, such as trypsin, pepsin, pronase, chymotrypin, lysozyme, DNase, and RNase. 5) The purified inhibitor inhibited protein rnethylase I, II, III and phospholipid methyltransferase activities. 6) The purified inhibitor inhibited noncompetitively protein methylase II from porcine liver, spleen, and testis. 7) The $K_{i}$ values for protein methylase II from porcine liver, spleen, and testis were 300nM, 250nM, 297nM, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.305-314
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• 2011

In this study, the analogies on saturated solution generated by elementary school teachers were analyzed in their numbers, materials, and types aspects. The results were also compared with those of general and science-gifted elementary students. A test on the self-generating analogies on the target concept was administered to 111 elementary school teachers, 60 fifth graders at four science-gifted education institutes and 91 fifth graders at three elementary schools. The results revealed that the teachers made more analogies than the general and science-gifted students. In general, both the teachers and the students tended to make the analogies using the materials in family, riding, digestive, and school situations. However, there were a little difference between the teachers and the students in the cases of the analogies using other situations including body/physical activity. Similarly to the cases of the students, the teachers made more functional analogies than structural or structural/functional ones and did more concrete ones than abstract ones. However, they made more verbal, artificial, and enriched analogies than the students. They also made more highly systematic analogies than the general students, and did less ones than the science-gifted students. Educational implications of these findings are discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.89-90
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• 2003

Effects of interaction of dietary soybean oil with NaHCO$_3$on the energy metabolism and antioxidants enzyme activity in broiler chicks during acute phase response was studied, Broiler chicks 10 d-old were fed on diets containing 5.0 ％ of soybean oil with or without 0.5 ％(60 meq/kg) of NaHCO$_3$. Then acute phase response were induced by injecting Salmonella typhymurium lipopolysacharide(LPS) In saline 3 times i.p. at alternative day on 16-d of age. Dietary soybean oil with NaHCO$_3$lessened the performance(growth, feed efficiency, calcium balance, excretion of uric acid, and nitrogen balance) -suppressing effect of the LPS effect, but enhanced metabolizable energy value of diet due to increased digestive absorption of energy sources and phosphoruse balance, and decreased activities of SOD in erythrocyte cytosols and circulating ceruloplasmin in plasma. The results indicated dietary energy utilization and electrolytes levels may interact with the antioxidants systems during acute phase response.

• Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2017

Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignant tumor of the digestive system and radical resection, which is available to very few patients, might be the only possibility for cure. Since therapeutic choices are limited at the advanced stage, prevention is more important for reducing incidence in high-risk individuals with family history of pancreatic cancer. Epidemiological studies have shown that a high consumption of fish oil or ${\omega}3-polyunsaturated$ fatty acids reduces the risk of pancreatic cancers. Dietary fish oil supplementation has shown to suppress pancreatic cancer development in animal models. Previous experimental studies revealed that several hallmarks of cancer involved in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer, such as the resistance to apoptosis, hyper-proliferation with abnormal $Wnt/{\beta}-catenin$ signaling, expression of pro-angiogenic growth factors, and invasion. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a ${\omega}3-polyunsaturated$ fatty acid and rich in cold oceanic fish oil. DHA shows anti-cancer activity by inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis, inhibiting $Wnt/{\beta}-catenin$ signaling, and decreasing extracellular matrix degradation and expression of pro-angiogenic factors in pancreatic cancer cells. This review will summarize anti-cancer mechanism of DHA in pancreatic carcinogenesis based on the recent studies.