• 한국게임학회 논문지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.157-168
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• 2015

게임의 난이도는 게임의 재미와 깊은 연관이 있다. 하지만 게임 레벨의 난이도를 적절하게 결정하는 것은 쉽지 않다. 대부분의 경우 사람의 실제 게임 플레이를 통한 테스트가 요구한다. 또한 정량적인 평가도 어렵다. 따라서 게임 레벨 난이도의 정량적 평가를 자동으로 수행하는 것은 게임 개발에 많은 도움이 될 것이다. 이 논문에서는 경로 탐색 알고리즘을 사용하여 게임 레벨의 길 찾기 난이도를 평가하였다. 길을 찾는 것은 많은 게임들의 기본 속성으로 게임 레벨의 전반적인 난이도를 대표한다. 그리고 우리는 게임 레벨의 탐색 가능 영역이 동적으로 확장되고 다시금 탐색이 요구되는 경우 이전 경로 탐색 결과를 재사용하여 난이도 평가 알고리즘의 성능을 최적화하였다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.173-185
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• 2005

This study investigated differences in children's facial, behavioral, and verbal expressions of pride and shame by their age, and type and level of task difficulty when they succeeded or failed on tasks. The subjects were 55 4-year-old children from 2 day-care centers and 37 7-year-old children from 1 elementary school. Each child participated in pride and shame assessment sessions. Data were analyzed by means, standard deviations, repeated measures ANOVA, and paired t-test. When they succeeded on tasks, 4-year-olds showed more pride in behavioral expression than 7-year-olds. More pride in facial, behavioral, and verbal expressions were shown when subjects succeeded on difficulty than on easy tasks. Interaction effect for behavioral expression of pride was found between age and type of task difficulty. In verbal expression of pride, interaction effect was found between age, and type and level of task difficulty. When they failed on tasks, 7-year-olds showed more shame in behavioral and verbal expressions than 4-year-olds. More shame in facial, behavioral, and verbal expressions were shown when subjects failed on easy than on difficulty tasks. Interaction effect for facial expression of shame was found between age, and type and level of task difficulty.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.211-224
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• 2023

This study surveyed 2nd graders of B high school and 1st graders of A university in Gyeongnam on factors such as behavior control and interaction in non-face-to-face classes, easy or difficult concepts presented in chemistry I and general chemistry textbooks. Based on the results of the survey, the effect of changes in the difficulty level of concepts presented in chemistry I and general chemistry and changes in class types (face-to-face and non-face-to-face) on students' academic achievement by level was compared and analyzed. In the face-to-face class, the average score between the first and second semesters was similar according to the change in the difficulty of the concepts presented in chemistry I and general chemistry. In the non-face-to-face class, the average score of chemistry I in the second semester was quite low, and the average score of general chemistry was rather high. In non-face-to-face classes, the average score of chemistry I in the second semester of low-level students was significantly lowered due to changes in the difficulty of the concept and changes in class types on academic achievement by level. In the case of 10% of students at the lower level, the academic achievement of chemistry I decreased in both the second semester regardless of the changes in the difficulty level of concepts and the changes in class types.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2008

본 연구의 목적은 지문인식 평가용 데이터베이스의 난이도(Level of Difficulty)를 지문영상 품질 평가를 통하여 정량화 하는 것이다. 본 논문에서는 지문 데이터베이스의 난이도 정량화 방법으로 품질 분포도 분석 방법과 품질 차이 분석 방법을 제안한다. 품질 분포도 분석 방법은 지문 영상의 품진 등급별 빈도수를 기반으로 데이터베이스 전체의 난이도를 표현한 방법이고, 품질 차이 분석 방법은 데이터베이스를 구성하는 동일 지문의 영상들 간의 각 품질 차이별 빈도수를 동시발생 매트릭스(Co-occurrence Matrices)를 이용하여 난이도로 나타낸 방법이다. 두 방법론에 의한 실험 결과 지문영상 품질 기반의 데이터베이스의 난이도는 인식 성능과 상관관계를 가지며, 품질 분포도 기반의 난이도보다 품질 차이 기반의 난이도가 더 높은 상관관계를 보임을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 MPQ(Matching Pairwise Qualities) 동시발생 매트릭스의 OQ(Opposite Qualities) Block 기반의 난이도 정량화 방법이 인식 성능과 가장 높은 상관관계를 나타내는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 지문영상 품질 기반의 지문 데이터베이스의 난이도를 정량화할 수 있었고, 난이도와 인식성능이 높은 상관관계를 가짐을 알 수 있다.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.210-220
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• 2023

We analyzed and compared factors such as changes in the degree of difficulty of concepts presented in Chemistry I textbook, changes in class types (non-face-to-face, face-to-face), etc. on academic achievement by level (upper, middle, and lower). Students from A high school in Gyeongsangnam-do were selected for the subjects of the study. As a result of analyzing the change in the degree of difficulty of concepts, the total score of chemistry I combined by non-face-to-face and face-to-face classes during the second semester was lower than that of the first semester. As a result of analyzing the impact of factors such as changes in conceptual difficulty, changes in class types, etc. on academic achievement by level, students' grades at the 'lower level' by non-face-to-face classes were lower than those by face-to-face classes. In particular, at the lower level of the second semester, there was a large difference in grades between non-face-to-face and face-to-face classes. In the results of these studies, it was found that instructors' active feedback is important to identify difficulties in understanding learning contents for students with low levels of academic achievement and improve them at the same time.

• 아동학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.33-46
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• 2003

This study investigated age differences in children's expression of pride and shame by their age, and type and level of task difficulty when they succeeded of failed on tasks. The subjects were 55 4-year-old children from 2 day-care centers and 37 7-year-old children from I elementary school. Each child participated in pride and shame assessment sessions. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA, t-test, paired t-test, Pearson's correlations. When they succeeded on tasks, 4-year-olds showed more pride than 7-year-olds. More pride was shown when subjects succeeded on difficult than on easy tasks. An interaction effect for pride was found between age, and type and level of task difficulty. Seven-year-olds showed more shame than 4-year-olds when they failed on tasks. More shame was shown when subjects failed on easy than on difficult tasks. The expression of pride was positively related to the expression of shame.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.356-366
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the required cognitive levels of the current 6th graders' science textbooks conform to the children's cognitive levels and to examine the students' sensed psychological difficulty of the current science textbooks. The eighty five students (boy: 39, girl: 46) from one elementary school were participated in this study. The results of the study are as follows. First, the 2/3 out of the contents in the six graders' science textbooks require concrete level of operation and the 1/3 out of the contents in the textbooks requires the formal level of operation. So the 70% students at the concrete operational level are likely to undergo difficulties with the 1/3 contents in the textbooks. Second, the students' psychological difficulty on the science textbooks is relatively low (approximately two out of five points) and there is not any special pattern between the cognitive level of the textbooks and the students' psychological difficulty of the textbooks.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.328-334
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• 2020

Objectives: This study aimed to validate the effectiveness of a recently proposed difficulty index for removal of impacted mandibular third molars based on extraction time and suggest a modified difficulty index including the presence of pathologic conditions associated with third molars. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 65 male patients younger than 25 years with third molars. Extraction time was calculated from start of the incision to the last suture. The difficulty scores for third molars were based on spatial relationship (1-5 points), depth (1-4 points), and ramus relationship (1-3 points) using cone-beam computed tomography. The difficulty index was defined as follows: I (3-4 points), II (5-7 points), III (8-10 points), and IV (11-12 points). The modified difficulty score was calculated by adding one point to the difficulty score if the third molar was associated with a pathologic condition. Two modified difficulty indices, based on the presence of pathologic conditions, were as follows: the half-level up difficulty index (HDI) and the one-level up difficulty index (ODI) from the recently proposed difficulty index. Results: The correlations between extraction time and difficulty index and or modified difficulty indices were significant (P<0.001). The correlation coefficient between extraction time and difficulty index was 0.584. The correlation coefficients between extraction time and HDI and ODI were 0.728 and 0.764, respectively. Conclusion: Extraction time of impacted third molars exhibited a moderate correlation with difficulty index and was strongly correlated with the modified indices. Considering the clinical implications, the difficulty index of surgical extraction should take into consideration the pathologic conditions associated with third molars.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine the activity ratios of global trunk muscles and local trunk muscles in relation to adjustments in the level of task difficulty while performing stability exercises in easily applied bridging lumbar stabilization exercise. Twenty healthy subjects performed bridging lumbar stabilization exercise while the level of task difficulty was plate was used in the same posture for all the exercises. EMG was used to examine the activity ratios of the global muscles and multifidus in relation to the level of task difficulty. Moreover, the activity ratios of the multifidus muscle, the erector spinae and the gluteus maximus muscle were measured. A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used, and a Bonferroni correction was conducted (${\alpha}$=.05). When the bridging lumbar stabilization exercise were performed at different difficulty levels, the activity of the multifidus muscle, which is a local muscle, was high in all three exercises. Also, compared to low intensity and intermediate intensity exercises, high intensity exercises showed more significant differences (${\alpha}$=.05). Among all the muscles, the multifidus showed the highest activity at intermediate intensity. Based on these results, we suggest that in the case of bridging lumbar stabilization exercise, low intensity or intermediate intensity exercises are more suitable and efficient for local muscle stabilization.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2009

Many daily activities require people to complete a motor task while walking. Substantial gait decrements during simultaneous attention to a variety of cognitive tasks have been shown by a group of severely injured neurological patients of mixed etiology. And previous studies have shown that the attentional load of a walking-associated task increased with its level of difficulty. The purpose of this study was to analyze subjects' gait changes are affected by the effects of arithmetic task difficulty and performance level. Participants performed a walking task alone, three different Arithmetic tasks while seated, and among them, two kinds of the simillar Arithmetic tasks in combination with walking. Reaction time and accuracy were recorded for two of the Arithmetic tasks. The mean values of the gait were measured using a Timed Up and Go test among 11 with post-stroke patients while walking with and without forward counting (WFC) and backward counting(WBC).There was significant Arithmetic Task Difficulty level between the 10-forward counting task condition(FC) and the 10-backward counting task condition(BC)(p=0.008). The mean values of T.U.G time were significantly higher under backward counting dual-task condition than during a simple walking task(p=0.009) and WFC(p=0.009). The change in T.U.G time during WFC was higher when compared with the change during a simple walking, but there was no significant difference (p=0.246). This study suggesting that a high interference could be linked with a high level of difficulty, whereas adaptive task enabled participants to perfectly share their attention between two concurrent tasks. Future research should determine whether dual task training can reduce gait decrements in dual task situations in people after stroke. And the dual-task-based exercise program is feasible and beneficial for improving walking ability in subjects with stroke.