• BMB Reports
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.342-347
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• 1995

The induction of glucoamylase biosynthesis from the yeast Candida tsukubaensis by different carbon sources was investigated by using either an enzyme activity assay or immunoblot analysis. The induction by C. tsukubaensis appears to be independent of the carbon sources, although the level of enzyme activity was lower in slowly utilizable carbon sources such as galactose. This glucoamylase is a constitutive enzyme and its biosynthesis is resistant to carbon catabolite repression. Glucose was more effective for the enzyme induction than starch, maltose or glycerol. In addition, this enzyme is regulated by both induction and repression.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.161-172
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• 1982

In order to compare the metabolic activities of methanol utilizing bacteria, Pseudomonas sp. grown in different carbon sources, changes in respiratory activities, prinicipal enzyme activities for the energy metabolism, and the macromolecular compositions of the cells grown on methanol or glucose were measured. 1. The respiratory activity of cells grown on methanol was higher than that of cells grown on glucose, while glucose exhibited the highest $O_2-consumption$ rate among the different respiratory substrates. 2. TRhe activity of hydroxy pyruvate reductase which participates in serine pathway was high in the cells grown on methanol. However, activities of NAD-linked alcohol dehydrogenase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase were slightly lower in the cells grown on glucose thant on methanol. 4. For succinic dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase which take part in TCA cycle, the specific activities were higher in the cells grown on methanol than in those grown on glucose. No activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which participates in pentose monophosphate shunt, was detectable in the cells grown on either carbon sources. 5. Protein contents of the cells grown on methanol increased relatively compared with those of the cells grown on glucose. However, there are no changes in the contents of carbohydrate and nucleic acid.

• Mycobiology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2008

Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst (Polyporaceae), belonging to basidiomycota, is one of the most famous medicinal mushrooms. This study was carried out to investigate favorable mycelial growth conditions, such as pH, temperature, growth media, carbon sources and nitrogen sources of Korean strains in G. lucidum. The most suitable temperature for the mycelial growth was obtained at $30^{\circ}C$. In general, optimal temperature range for the mycelial growth was found at $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. This Mushroom has a broad pH range ($5{\sim}9$) for its mycelial growth and mostly favorable growth was found at pH 5. Generally, Hamada, Glucose peptone, YM, Mushroom complete and Lilly media were the most suitable for the mycelial growth of G. lucidum. Among 10 different carbon sources, dextrin, galactose and fructose were best but the rest of other carbon sources also facilitated the growth of mycelia. The most suitable nitrogen sources were ammonium acetate, glycine, arginine and calcium nitrate, but to a certain extent, all of the supplemented nitrogen sources also stimulated the mycelial growth.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.150-158
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• 2014

Four ectomycorrhizal fungi were tested for their ability to utilize seven carbon sources in modified Melin-Norkrans medium. After 60 days of mycelial culture, the highest mycelial growth in Hygrophorus russula (KFRI 1987), Sarcodon aspratus, Leccinum extremiorientale (KFRI 1194), and Tricholoma matsutake (KFRI 1256) was observed with use of dextrin used as a carbon source. H. russula, S. aspratus (KFRI 1676), and L. extremiorientale showed the lowest mycelial growth on nutrient medium with pectin. The utilization of homoglycans (starch, dextrin) in seven strains (except for T. matsutake KFRI 1256) was higher than that of heteroglycan (pectin). The final pH values of all culture media were decreased by pH 1.1~3.0 compared with the initial pH values of culture media. The dominant color of mycelia was white and varied according to the carbon sources (yellow, brown, and purple) in some strains. A single colony was observed in L. extremiorientale cultured in liquid media containing four or five different types of carbon sources, whereas multiple colonies were formed in liquid media containing six different types of carbon sources by six strains.

• Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.474-481
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of inoculum and carbon sources on anaerobic digestion characteristics. The treatments were combinations of inoculum (digestate of cattle manure and rumen fluid) with carbon sources (starch, cellulose, and xylan). Anaerobic digestion was performed in triplicate at $37^{\circ}C$ for 18 days at 100 rpm. Sampling was performed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days to measure pH, ammonia-N, volatile solids reduction, the cumulative methane content, and the cumulative methane production. There was a significant difference in methane content depending on the carbon source and there was a significant difference in pH, ammonia-N, methane production, and methane content depending on the inoculum (P < 0.05). The results of methane production were higher in the digestate of cattle manure treatment than in the rumen fluid treatment (P < 0.05). In this study, different digestive patterns depending on the type of carbon source could be used as basic research data to set the hydraulic residence time of anaerobic digestion facilities. In addition, the use of ruminal fluid as an inoculum may help accelerate the hydrolysis and acid production steps.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.68-75
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• 2014

This study investigated the potential use of various organic carbon sources (glucose, glycerol and acetate) and different concentrations of $CO_2$ for culturing marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta. Cell growth and lipid production were monitored under heterotrophic, mixotrophic and photoautotrophic modes of cultivation. D. tertiolecta showed the ability to grow under mixotrophic (acetate and glucose), heterotrophic (glucose) and photoautotrophic condition under high $CO_2$ concentration (15%). With all the organic carbon sources (glucose, glycerol and acetate) tested in this study, 1~5% acetate enhanced cell growth rate and lipid content, while higher concentrations of acetate (10% and 15%) were inhibitory and resulted in cell death.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1073-1080
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• 2011

In order to investigate and generalize the effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on the growth of and lipid production in Chlorella sp. 227, several nutritional combinations consisting of different carbon and nitrogen sources and concentrations were given to the media for cultivation of Chlorella sp. 227, respectively. The growth rate and lipid content were affected largely by concentration rather than by sources. The maximum specific growth was negatively affected by low concentrations of carbon and nitrogen. There is a maximum allowable inorganic carbon concentration (less than 500~1,000 mM bicarbonate) in autotrophic culture, but the maximum lipid content per gram dry cell weight (g DCW) was little affected by the concentration of inorganic carbon within the concentration. The lipid content per g DCW was increased when the microalga was cultured with the addition of glucose and bicarbonate (mixotrophic) at a fixed nitrogen concentration and with the lowest nitrogen concentration (0.2 mM), relatively. Considering that lipid contents per g DCW increased in those conditions, it suggests that a high ratio of carbon to nitrogen in culture media promotes lipid accumulation in the cells. Interestingly, a significant increase of the oleic acid amount to total fatty acids was observed in those conditions. These results showed the possibility to induce lipid production of high quality and content per g DCW by modifying the cultivation conditions.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.461-467
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• 1989

The regulation of the synthesis of alcohol-oxidase (E.C.1.1.3.13.) was investigated in the methanol-utilizing yeasts during growth on different carbon sources. For this experiment, Hansenula polymoypha CBS 4132, Hansenula polymoypha CBM 11 and Hansenula polymoypha Cooney were cultured in mineral salt medium by changing its carbon sources. The production of alcohol-oxidase was varied by the carbon sources. For exmaple, alcohol-oxidase was undetectable: in all strains submitted to the test in the medium with glucose, but its production was rapidly increased when the carbon source was changed from glucose to methanol after 30 hrs of incubation. Moreover, this enzyme was not synthesized during growth on the primary aliphatic alcohols alone (ethanol, propanol, butanol or pentanol) or on the mixed substrates (0.5% methanol + 0.5% primary aliphatic alcohols). When cells were grown on the various carbon sources (glucose, xylose, lactose, glycerol, galactose, saccharose, sorbose, lactic acid or acetic acid), the alcohol-oxidase was about one-tenth of the activity found in cells grown on methanol alone. These carbon sources together with methanol yielded far better synthesis of alcohol-oxidase than in case of carbon sources alone. Especially, the alcohol-oxidase activity of the cells grown on lactose or lactic acid together with methanol was far better or similar than that of cells grown on methanol alone. The synthetic activity of alcohol-oxidase of Hansenula polymoypha CBS 4132 was the strongest among the three strains tested in every respect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.435-443
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• 1989

The regulation of the synthesis of alcohol-oxidase(E. C. 1. 1. 3. 13) was investigated in the methanol-utilizing yeasts during growth on different carbon sources. For this experiment, Pichia pastoris CBS 2612 and Pichia pastoris CBM 10 were cultured in mineral salt medium by changing its carbon sources. The production of alcohol-oxidase was varied by the carbon sources. For example, alcohol-oxidase was undetectable in all strains submitted to the test in the medium with glucose, but its production was rapidely increased when the carbon source was changed from glucose to methanol after 48hrs of incubation. Moreover, this enzyme was not synthesized during growth on the primary aliphatic alcohols alone(ethanol, propanol, butanol or pentanol) or on the mixed substrates(0.5% methanol+0.5% primary aliphatic alcohols). When cells were grown on the various carbon sources(glucose, xylose, lactose, glycerol, galactose, saccharose, sorbose, lactic acid or acetic acid), The alcohol-oxidase activity was detected a very little amounts. These carbon sources together with methnol yieled far better synthesis of alcohol-oxidase than in case of carbon sources alone. Especially, the alcohol-oxidase activity of the cells grown on sorbose, lactose or lactic acid together with methanol was far better or similar than that of cells grown on methanol alone. The apparent Km values for the methanol of Pichia pastoris CBS 2612 and Pichia pastoris CBM 10 enzymes were 1.92 and 210 mM, respectively. It is also active towards alcohols of shorter alkyl-chain length than $C_7$, insaturated alcohols(allylalcohol, crotyl-alcohol) and secondary alcohols (iso-amylacohol, iso-butylalcohol). The affinity of alcohol-oxidase for this alcohols decreased with the increasing length of the alkyl-chain.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.121-128
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• 1973

In order to clarify the best cultural conditions of Rhizopus niveus the effects of aeration, pH and various nutrients, such as different carbon and nitrogen sources, vitamins, and growth substances, on the mycelial growth were studied through liquid culture, and amylase activities of the fungus at different cultural periods were measured. Soluble starch, xylose and galactose are excellent sources of carbon for growth of the fungus. Sorbose and lactose are utilized slightly for growth. peptone, ammonium sulfate and alanine are excellent nitrogen sources for growth, tyrptophane nad potassium nitrate are utilized slightly for growth and sodium nitrite is not utilized. Thiamine nad gibberellin are excellent growth substances for the fungal growth, and biotin, nicotinamide and indole acetic acid (IAA) are also effective. Rhizopus niveus grows better at rotatory culture than at stationary culture and earlier growth of the fungus increases remarkably at rotatory culture. Optimum pH than at pH3. Growth increases linerly with an increase of soluble starch content up to 100g per liter medium, but 5 grams of ammonium sulfate per liter is the optimum nitrogen concentration for growth, if Pfeffer's medium is employed. Amylase activities of Rhizopus at different cultural periods showed that the maximum amylase production takes place after the cell population has reached its peak in the culture. Dextrinogenic amylase production has reached maximum at stationary phase, and maximum saccharogenic maylase production takes place in the pahse of negative gorwth acceleration.